The substitution of Cl results in the inductive effect on the carbonyl carbon. The nucleophilic attack takes place in this carbon and which determines the kinetics of the reaction. In acid catalyzed reaction nucleophile is water. water is a weak nucleophile since it is neutral. A small increase in the partial charge on the carbonyl carbon will not affect the attack of neutral water to it. Whereas in base-catalyzed reaction, hydroxyl ion attacks the carbonyl carbon. Hydroxyl ion is a charged (strong) nucleophile and any charge difference in the carbonyl carbon will affect the binding kinetics of this nucleophile. Thus in presence of chloride ion, the carbonyl carbon is becoming more and more charged due to inductive effect and which results in the increase in kinetics in base catalyzed reactions.
Mechanism of these reactions are given in the attachment.
Carboxylic acid esters can undergo acid catalyzed hydrolysis, neutral hydrolysis and base catalyzed hydrolysis. Below is...
The base-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters can proceed in different pathways depending on the structure of the ester and the solvent, pH and so on. Three types of mechanisms have been suggested, i.e. Bac2 Bal2 and Bal1 mechanisms. Write the detailed steps of each mechanism. Please suggest experiments that can be used to differentiate these mechanisms.(
Can someone walk me through this mechanism please. 0) Esters undergo hydrolysis in presence of base to form carboxylate ion and alcohol. Dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one undergoes base hydrolysis in presence of aqueous NaOH gives sodium- 4-hydroxybutanoate. The reaction is as follows: NaOHHO (aqueous) O Na Dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one sodium 4-hydroxybutanoate
How many functional groups undergo hydrolysis to a carboxylic acid in the molecule shown? All of the compounds shown below have an enol tautomer. Which compound’s enol exists in the highest percentage enol form? 0 HN- NC LO -N 0 A Two B Three с Four D Five E Six ОН a е A A B B с D D E E
ethers and epoxides can both undergo acid-catalyzed or base-catalyzed substitution reactions. Pimobendan (shown below) is a cardiac drug used to treat dogs with congestive heart failure. Pimobendan is taken orally, so it has the potential to react with stomach acid (HCl). Using your knowledge of ether reactions, predict if the ether functional group in Pimobendan is likely to react in a dog's stomach. If you think no reaction will occur, explain. If you think a reaction will occur, describe...
Can someone help with the 4 POST LAB questions thanks Carboxylic Acids and Esters acid). like citric acid. Face crearboxyl the name implies, a Carbexylic Aclds A salad dressing made of The sour taste of fruits such as lemons is due to the presence of acids like citric acid. tcarboxyl a-hydroxy acids such functional group - that is, a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. AS dicarboxylic acid carboxylic acid of benzene is called benzoic acid (Figure 1). oil...
____ 1. The diagram below represents serine, a polar, uncharged amino acid. Which functional group gives serine its distinct property? a. H3 b. CH2OH c. –H d. COO– ____ 2. The monomers shown below are monomers for which of the following natural polymers? a. polysaccharides b. plastics c. DNA d. proteins ____ 3. Which of the following processes illustrates the production of a protein? a. specific code for amino acids --> amino acid chain --> gene --> DNA --> specific...
Exercise 2 Separation of a Mixture Based on Acid-Base Properties One purpose of this exercise is to learn how to use a separatory funnel to extract a single component away from other compounds in solution. To do so, we will apply the principles of solubility and acid-base behavior you’re seeing in class. One of the compounds is neutral in the acid-base sense. It has no ability to either donate or accept a proton from an aqueous solution, and will remain...
Can you help me determine if I am correct and help me find the ither answers to this functional group lab worksheet? 18 w paper 1 we by addin trecome char Discussion of Properties and Test Ora general undergo dition reactions, whereas by substitution reactions. These two types of d e beds and womate compounds we characterized described in equation form as follows: action Addition Reaction Substitution Reaction (Note: numbers in boxes to the left refer to w in the...
please answer all these questions, thank you. CHEM 242L Exp. 4 Report/ Synthesis of Oil of Wintergreen Name Score: 20 1) Assess the effectiveness of the experiment and your technique by A) reporting the yield of each step in grams and percent as well as the overall percent yield (What is "overall percent yield?). SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS! B) Give a complete analysis of the identity and purity of your final product and any isolated intermediates 2 What was the purpose...
3.2 Periodic trends 1. (0620-5 2012-Paper 1/2-Q21) Which properties of the element titanium, Ti, can be predicted from its position in the Periodic Table? forms coloured compounds conducts electricity when solid can be used has low density as a catalyst X A X X Xx 2. (0620-W 2012-Paper 1/1-Q20) The diagram shows an outline of the Periodic Table. U V W X Y Which of the elements U, V, W, X and Y would react together in the ratio of...