Describe the function of Bcl-2 and provide a mechanism whereby it can be converted into an...
Describe the function of Bcl-2 and provide a mechanism whereby it can be converted into an oncogene
Homework Answers
Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), encoded in humans by the BCL2 gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins. They regulate all major types of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. , BCL-2 was found to promote cell survival as opposed to promoting cell proliferation. That is, BCL-2 increases the total cell number by preventing cell death rather than by increasing cell division rate. Given that failure of these cells to die resulted in cancer. The over-expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in lymphocytes alone does not cause cancer. But simultaneous over-expression of Bcl-2 and the proto-oncogene myc may produce aggressive B-cell malignancies including lymphoma
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Describe the function of Bcl-2 and provide a mechanism whereby
it can be converted into an...
Describe in detail how cells can become immortalized without telomerase reactivation. Provide the mechanism for this...
Describe in detail how cells can become immortalized without telomerase reactivation. Provide the mechanism for this process.
Can you think of a mechanism whereby useful mutations could occur at a greater frequency than...
Can you think of a mechanism whereby useful mutations could occur at a greater frequency than random? Or a way of reducing the occurrence of harmful mutations? If you can’t, why is it so hard to direct mutation to useful changes? If you can, why hasn’t it been detected in nature yet?
13. Describe 2 mechanisms whereby ATP is generated during cellular respiration Mechanism 1: Mechanism 2: 14....
13. Describe 2 mechanisms whereby ATP is generated during cellular respiration Mechanism 1: Mechanism 2: 14. Indicate the MAIN molecules that enter and exit each of these processes? Molecule(s) IN Process Molecule(s) OUT Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle ETC Photophosphorylation Calvin Cycle 15. Isocitrate is a 6 carbon molecule that is oxidized to a-ketoglutarate (a 5 carbon molecule) by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. What happens to the extra carbon atom in this reaction and in which process (listed in...
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted...
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride. Step 1 Step 2 Step 1 Conditions for step 1 (brain-twister: is there just one way?): Conditions for step 2 (same brain-twister): Full reaction scheme: 2. Consider the following reaction: 1. NaOM/MeOH 2. H,0* Does it have a specific name? How many products are possible? Show all of them. Suggest a synthetic route that leads to a lesser number...
3) Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes by various genetic changes. Which of these mechanisms is...
3) Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes by various genetic changes. Which of these mechanisms is not likely to contribute to conversion to an oncogene? Select one: A: Extra copies of the gene are made, thereby enhancing expression. B: A mutation occurs upstream of the gene that results in a more active promoter. C: Chromosomes break and fragments are translocated from one chromosome to another. D: Point mutations occur that result in a protein more resistant to degradation. E: All...
D-fructopyranose can be converted into the illustrated Shi epoxidation catalyst in only two steps. Provide the...
D-fructopyranose can be converted into the illustrated Shi
epoxidation catalyst in only two steps. Provide the necessary
reagents for the transformation. Stereochemistry may be
neglected.
D - fructopyranose can be converted into the illustrated Shi epoxidation catalyst in only two steps. Provide the necessary reagents for the transformation. Stereochemistry may be neglected.
An alkene can be converted to an alcohol upon reaction with Hg(OAc)2 in H2O followed by...
An alkene can be converted to an alcohol upon reaction with
Hg(OAc)2 in H2O followed by NaBH4.
In the boxes, draw the mechanism arrows for the reaction below. You
do not have to do the mechanism for the NaBH4 reaction.
Be sure to add lone pairs of electrons and nonzero formal charges
to all species.
NaBH4 O I
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted...
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride Step 1 Step 2 Conditions for step 1 (brain-twister: is there just one way?): Conditions for step 2 (same brain-twister): Full reaction scheme:
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted...
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride. Step 1 Step 2 Conditions for step 1 (brain-twister: is there just one way?): Conditions for step 2 (same brain-twister): Full reaction scheme:
Can somebody provide a mechanism? Fuming H2SO4
Can somebody provide a mechanism?
Fuming H2SO4
13. Describe 2 mechanisms whereby ATP is generated during cellular respiration Mechanism 1: Mechanism 2: 14. Indicate the MAIN molecules that enter and exit each of these processes? Molecule(s) IN Process Molecule(s) OUT Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle ETC Photophosphorylation Calvin Cycle 15. Isocitrate is a 6 carbon molecule that is oxidized to a-ketoglutarate (a 5 carbon molecule) by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. What happens to the extra carbon atom in this reaction and in which process (listed in...
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride. Step 1 Step 2 Step 1 Conditions for step 1 (brain-twister: is there just one way?): Conditions for step 2 (same brain-twister): Full reaction scheme: 2. Consider the following reaction: 1. NaOM/MeOH 2. H,0* Does it have a specific name? How many products are possible? Show all of them. Suggest a synthetic route that leads to a lesser number...
D-fructopyranose can be converted into the illustrated Shi
epoxidation catalyst in only two steps. Provide the necessary
reagents for the transformation. Stereochemistry may be
neglected.
D - fructopyranose can be converted into the illustrated Shi epoxidation catalyst in only two steps. Provide the necessary reagents for the transformation. Stereochemistry may be neglected.
An alkene can be converted to an alcohol upon reaction with
Hg(OAc)2 in H2O followed by NaBH4.
In the boxes, draw the mechanism arrows for the reaction below. You
do not have to do the mechanism for the NaBH4 reaction.
Be sure to add lone pairs of electrons and nonzero formal charges
to all species.
NaBH4 O I
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride Step 1 Step 2 Conditions for step 1 (brain-twister: is there just one way?): Conditions for step 2 (same brain-twister): Full reaction scheme:
1. Provide the missing conditions for both steps and show how the amide can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride. Step 1 Step 2 Conditions for step 1 (brain-twister: is there just one way?): Conditions for step 2 (same brain-twister): Full reaction scheme:
Can somebody provide a mechanism?
Fuming H2SO4
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