United Kingdom: Delivery of care is divided into primary and secondary systems. Who is responsible for funding and providing care within each of the systems?
Because health care in the United Kingdom is devolved, England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales have their own publicly funded healthcare systems. The National Health Service or NHS is a publicly funded healthcare system for the UK. It includes NHS England, NHS Wales, NHS Scotland, and Northern Ireland’s Health and Social Care. The two main ways in which the National Health Service provides healthcare includes the Primary Care and Secondary Care.
Responsibility for Providing Primary Care
The everyday healthcare facilities and expertise, which is available at all the local areas and where a patient may assess the services or advice of a doctor/medical practitioner and get treatment is termed as the Primary Care under NHS. This care may address the very first symptoms of illness and diseases related to mental and physical health. Primary care is provided through:
a. General Practitioners (GPs) including the local and family doctors.
b. Pharmacists and chemists at the pharmacy stores.
c. Nurses including the practice and community nurses.
d. Sexual health and family planning clinics.
e. Health visitors and midwives.
f. Opticians.
g. Dentists.
h. Providers of hearing care.
i. The “out of hours” or extended hours GP services.
Therefore primary care does not involve hospital care. The pharmacists, nurses, and general practitioners diagnose the problems and treat and prevent illnesses. Primary care includes treatment of long-term conditions and minor illnesses, immunization and vaccination, diagnosis and screening, and family planning among other healthcare services. Therefore, the general practitioner may be the main health care practitioner responsible for providing primary health care and treats the patients with mental, physical, and emotional problems and health conditions.
Responsibility for Providing Secondary Care
The National Health Service provides Secondary Care as well. This care is provided in cases where the illness or health condition is beyond the expertise/scope of the general practitioner. Therefore secondary healthcare under NHS may involve doctors with more specialized knowledge and advanced degrees. Secondary healthcare may also require more medical resources, equipment, and skills that may only be provided in a specialty hospital. The general practitioner may also guide the patient (also called as referring) to a hospital and specialist who can best take care of a medical condition. The specialist doctors specialize in specific diseases (like cardiologists for heart diseases), body systems and other areas.
Secondary care may not be provided at all local areas but is only available at clinics and hospitals. But secondary care may also involve outpatient clinics. The more advanced tests used for diagnosing serious conditions may also be included in primary care.
Funding for NHS Provided Healthcare
The healthcare in the UK is funded by the separate parliaments and governments along with voluntary provisions and the involvement of the private sector. The publicly funded healthcare system by the name NHS (National Healthcare Service) manages healthcare costs through a publicly managed fund. The right to assess the funds and health care is following the rules that apply to all the citizens who contribute to the fund and may also receive its benefits. The government obtains the funds for addressing the health care needs of the population from the revenues.
Funding for these public healthcare services including NHS England, NHS Wales, NHS Scotland and Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland) comes mostly from taxation. Around 18% of the income tax revenues collected from the citizens are channeled towards providing public health care. National Insurance payments and other kinds of revenues collected through fee or fines may also contribute to the fund. NHS also has certain minor charges including the charges for dental treatments and prescriptions that were introduced during the 1950s. While citizens are free to take private care, the NHS healthcare services are provided at the requisite points of needs free of cost by the UK Government.
United Kingdom: Delivery of care is divided into primary and secondary systems. Who is responsible for...
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