Question

How are organisms biologically organized?

Describe the anatomy of the eukaryotic cell (animal and plant).

Major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Describe the different types of chemical bonds. How do they affect the organization of biomacromolecules?

Differentiate between a peptide bond, a phosphodiester, a phosphoanhydride bond.

What are disulfide bridges? Amino-acids participating in this bonding?

Describe the function of enzymes. Understand the forces by which substrates bind to enzymes.

Distinguish between redox reactions and activated energy carriers.

Distinguish between anabolism and catabolism. Which carriers are mediating anabolism, catabolism?

How do cells acquire the energy required to carry out reactions?

Describe the structure and function of DNA; compare to structure of RNA.

Describe the structural organization of DNA (2nm called, 30 nm called, 700 nm called, and 1400nm is called).

Histone variants and chromatin remodeling via histone tail modifications. Which subunits dimerize? Which is not a part of the nucleosome core? Amino acid composition of histone core.

Understand chemical and physical properties of DNA. What is stabilizing the molecule?

Understand chemical and physical properties of protein (i.e. chemical composition, polarity, etc.)

What are the chromosomal elements needed for replication.

Structural organization of protein. Differentiate between how beta sheets and alpha helices are formed.

What is the difference between a protein domain and protein family?

What is the central dogma?

Review coupled reactions to overcome energy barriers; Gibbs free energy and spontaneous reactions.

History of the cell? Pioneers who opened path for cellular and molecular

Carbon and water as the basis for living organisms? Why are these best suited to fulfill this role.

Basic understanding of all the biomacromolecules, their monomeric subunits, and the type of chemical bonds connecting each (more specific than covalent; i.e., peptide).

Basic understanding of the Amino acid and the properties they impart.

Answer 1

Answer 1.

The biological levels of organisation of living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are:

organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

Answer 2.

Anatomically the eukaryotic plants and animal cell are same they consist of They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Additionally plant cell havechloroplasts, the cell wall, and vacuoles.