Explain how alternative splicing leads to the vast number of different mRNAs found in eukaryotic cells.
Explain how alternative splicing leads to the vast number of different mRNAs found in eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic mRNAs can undergo alternative splicing. This is often used as a way to generate unique products in different cells of a multicellular organism. Let's assume that for a particular mRNA, exon 2 has normal 5' and 3' splice junctions, meaning that this exon will normally be recognized by the spliceosome for inclusion into the mature mRNA. Give me an explanation for how a different type of cell could block the inclusion of exon 2, so that it would not...
10. Alternative splicing is NOT responsible for which of the following developmental occurrences? generation of K+ ion channels in ear hair cells that open at different Ca2+ concentrations and tune hearing generation of neuronal synaptic connections in Drosophila differential expression of beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon globin genes throughout development sex differentiation in Drosophila 11. In birds, a gene encoding a Ca2+-activated K+ channel is expressed in auditory hair cells as multiple mRNAs, which encode for proteins that open at...
Explain the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Include a discussion on how cellular energy is created for the two different cell types.
This short RNA (miRNA) is found in eukaryotic cells. miRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators that bind to complementary sequences on target mRNAs, resulting in enhancement of mRNA degradation by nucleases and/or _________. For the study of gene functions, artificial introduction of miRNA (siRNA) is performed to cells or animals. This experimental technique is called gene silencing and or _________, compared to the gene-deleting transgenic techniques. Select one: a. transcriptional repression ;;;; Knock-Down b. translational repression ;;;; Knock-Down c. transcriptional repression ;;;;...
Identify the five general types of protein kinases found in eukaryotic cells and explain which factor is directly responsible for activating each type.
The endosymbiotic theory provides a way to explain the complexity of eukaryotic cells. This explanation is based on: o Small organisms invading and destroying larger host cells o Using different arrangements of membranes to produce energy The way a complex organism can become dominant over simple organisms How simpler organisms combine their different abilities to live together
Alternative splicing is present in about 90% of human genes and can explain why our 20,325 genes can encode more than 1,000,000 proteins. Examine the image below of Gene X: Exon A Intron #1 Exon B Intron #2 Exon C 1. (2 pts) To create a transcript, which portions of this DNA sequence would be REMOVED during splicing? (Please be specific-ie. Exon A, Intron #2, etc.) 2. (3 pts) Gene X can encode 7 different proteins! Explain how this is...
Both humans and fungi are eukaryotic. Looking at the structures found in human and fungal cells, propose one possible cellular target of antibiotics that would impact fungal cells but not human cells. Provide two examples of beneficial fungi and two examples of beneficial bacteria. Include binomial names and how we benefit from these organisms.
Explain how a tissue-specific RNA-binding protein can lead to tissue-specific alternative splicing via splicing enhancers or splicing silencers. A.Trans-acting sequences that promote (splicing enhancers) or inhibit (splicing silencers) splicing are recognized by different classes of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). B. Trans-acting sequences that promote (splicing silencers) or inhibit (splicing enhancers) splicing are recognized by the same class of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in different tissues. C. Cis-acting sequences that promote (splicing enhancers) or inhibit (splicing silencers) splicing are recognized by different classes...
Explain how microRNAs lead to the degradation of targeted mRNAs. In your explanation, state the role of DICER and of RISCs ( RNA-induced silencing complexes). Explain how siRNAs, DICER, and RISCs function to protect cells from infection by dsDNA viruses.