Question

1. Termination of neurotransmitter action can be accomplished by which of the following:

a. Enzymatic breakdown in the synaptic cleft or presynaptic terminal

b. Transport back into the presynaptic cell

c. Transport into nearby glial cells

d. Both a and b, but not c

e. All of the above

2. Activating a metabotropic receptor (G-protein coupled receptor) can lead to:

a. Opening of a G protein-gated ion channel

b. Changes in the levels of a protein kinase

c. Changes in gene expression

d. Both a and b, but not c

e. All of the above

3. Which of the following is a DEA schedule I drug?

a. Cocaine

b. Marijuana

c. Methamphetamine

d. Fentanyl

e. All of the above

4. In rodents, extended access to cocaine self-administration produces which of the following?

a. Escalation of intake

b. Lower hedonic set point

c. Reduced reinstatement

d. Both a and b, but not c

e. All of the above

Answer 1

1. Both a and b but not c

Explaination: The neurotransmitter activity is terminated by this neurotransmitter is reuptake and the reabsorption of this neurotransmitter secretion by the neuron who secreted this. After the secretion of neurotransmitters from the neuron in the synaptic cleft, they bind to the receptor present on the adjacent neuron. This bound between the receptor and neurotransmitter not permanent. After some these neurotransmitter fall off in synaptic cleft when the action of this neurotransmitter is finished. After falling off these neurotransmitters are degraded by enzymes that present in this space. Mostly included neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which is broken down by the enzymes acetylcholinesterase which divide into the acetate and choline. This structure of acetylcholine is not fit in the receptor site of the receiving cell. Then it is reuptake by the neuron that synthesis this neurotransmitter.

2. Opening of a G protein-gated ion channel

Explaination: Receptors are classified on the basis of structure, characteristic and functionality. Metabotropic receptors are the receptors that are present in the eukaryotic cell membrane and respond with the help of the second messenger. To activate these receptors some endogenous chemicals are released which are called neurotransmitters. This activation of metabotropic generates or provokes a sequence of intracellular events which as an outcome opening of ion channel including G protein ion. It does not show any change in level protein kinase or gene expression.

3.  Marijuana

Explaination: DEA is the drug enforcement administration of the USA to frame laws and regulations in the country. As per DEA marijuana is scheduled I drug and all other available options are scheduled II drug.

4. All of the above

Explaination: The self-administration of the cocaine causes the following changes like increase in intake, Lower hedonic set point, reduced reinstatement. This occurs due to the disturbance in the intracellular signaling in the neuron, which regulates the neurotransmission. Over the time the shortfall or loss of signal in cortex resulting in different neural adaptation from self administration of coicane.