Question

1.The hygiene hypothesis proposes which of the following? Decreasing diversity of our normal flora from increased antibiotic usage and changes in diet and lifestyle may lead to increased allergies and autoimmune disorders. Newborns and young children should be exposed to as many disease-causing microorganisms as possible to train their immune system to attack pathogens. Decreased handwashing in clinical settings may help to combat the rise in exogenous, antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections. Reducing the number of resident flora on our skin through degermination techniques decreases the likelihood of infection.

2. Which of the following is part of the second line of defense? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Leukocytes

Molecular factors such as chemokines

Chemical barriers such as lysozyme

Physical barriers such as skin

3. Your patient is born without a thymus. This inherited, chromosomal deletion would affect the patient in which of the following ways?

The patient would be unable to filter blood or dispose of damaged erythrocytes.

The patient would not produce mature B lymphocytes.

The patient would be unable to filter lymph.

The patient would not produce mature T lymphocytes.

4. Your patient is experiencing an acute case of salmonellosis, a bacterial gastrointestinal infection. Which of the following would you expect to see on a differential white blood cell count?

Elevated neutrophil count

Neutropenia

Elevated basophil count

Eosinophilia

5. You conduct an experiment to test the immunogenicity of penicillin. You note that when you inject penicillin into your patient, antibody titers are at baseline. However, once penicillin is degraded in the body, it is capable of reacting with albumin, producing an elevated IgE antibody titer. Based on this experiment, penicillin would best be described as a(n) ______.

antigenic determinant

epitope

hapten

complete antigen

Answer 1

ANSWER :

1) Unhygienic food habits and lifestyle and excessive intake of antibiotics decrease the diversity of normal microbiota or flora in digestive tract that lead to increased allergies & autoimmune disorders.

2) Second line of defense is mediated via immune system of body when a pathogen or non-pathogenic antigen enters into body cells. It includes different types of immune cells like leukocytes and other molecular factors such as chemokines.

3) Thymus is primary lymphoid organ and responsible for T-cell (lymphocyte) production & their maturation but a patient who born without thymus gland would not produce mature T-cells.

4) Salmonellosis is the bacterial disease that causes enteric fever like typhi or paratyphi and bloody diarrhoea. During salmonella infection neutrophils (granular leucocyte) count elevated in the blood but there is no significant difference in basophils cell count.