Question

Which of these fuel sources has the highest conversion efficiency from sunlight to usable energy? (From: Burning Buried Sunshine)

		Natural gas
		Biomass
		Solar
		Radioactive isotopes

Which term best describes organisms that share a single ancestor?

		polyphyletic
		monophyletic
		oligophyletic
		uniphyletic

Light energy is used in the light dependent reactions to(can be multiple)

		produce NADPH
		make ATP
		split water into oxygen and hydrogen atoms

Which measurement is not part of a life table?

		age that organism reaches puberty
		number dying in age interval
		mortality rate per 1000 alive
		life expectancy

It is s believed that the Holocene mass extinction has mostly to do with

		the activities of mankind.
		extreme volcanic activity.
		a population increase of predators.
		a century-long drought.

population of fish showed a variety of color patterns. One winter the fish population experienced heavy predation and the fish that survived the winter were mostly those with strong camouflage markings. When the fish spawned in the spring, most of the progeny were also heavily camouflaged. How would you classify this process?

		convergent evolution
		adaptive radiation
		natural selection
		artificial selection

What is the primary assumption of cladistics?

		Evolution occurs at different rates.
		Analogous structures indicated similar ancestry.
		Convergent evolution refutes classification.
		All living things are related.

A parent with straight hair and a parent with curly hair have a child with wavy hair. This is called

		incomplete dominance.
		codominance.
		recessiveness.
		polygenic.

n humans food is moved from the mouth to the stomach by the following action.

		Pushing by the tongue
		Muscular action of the esophagus
		Suction action of the stomach sphincter
		Gravity

Answer 1

1. Solar

Renewable energy is the one which is not exhausted. Solar energy is made with the help of Sunlight which falls on a solar panel and generates electricity.

2. Monophyletic

Monophyletic group is the one which includes an ancestor and all its descendants. A polyphyletic group is one which includes more than one ancestor and not all of their descendants. A paraphyletic group is one which includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

3. All the three are correct

Photosynthesis is divided into two stages, light reaction and dark reaction. Light reaction take place in the presence of Sunlight and chlorophyll molecul.e. It leads to the formation of energy compounds ATP and NADH along with splitting of water to release oxygen. The Other phase of photosynthesis is dark reaction which uses energy compounds formed in light reaction to form glucose from carbon dioxide. Glucose is used as energy fuel for plants.

4. Age that organisms reaching puberty

Life tables are graphical representation to find out the probability of death in a given population. So it tells us how much individuals are dying per thousand individuals in a population or indirectly they also tell us about the life expectancy of an individual in the population.

5. Activities of mankind

It is a fact to remember. Holocene is the era in which we are currently living. All the mankind activities or anthropogenic activities like deforestation, burning of fossil fuels on air water and soil pollution have led to mass extinction of species.

6. Natural selection

Natural selection is an evolutionary force in which the genotype or allele which is useful or favourable for the survival of the organism is selected over those which are not favourable to the survival of the species. In short according to Darwin natural selection is the survival of the fittest.

Camoflauge is an ability of a species to hide itself from the Predator by matching the colour of its environment. In this case the colour of fish is same as that of the environment in Spring that's why they escaped the attack of Predator.

7. All living things are related

Cladistics is the branch of evolutionary Biology that deals with the classification of organisms on the basis of certain similarities and dissimilarities. We do classification because we have assumed that all the living things are related to each other because all of them have been originated from a common ancestor.

Evolution occurs at different rate. But this is not the primary assumption of cladistics. After looking at how organisms have evolved from each other we have noticed that evolution occurs at different rate.

Homologous structures are those which perform common function in different organisms but have different structures. They represent convergent evolution. They are due to common ancestry.

Analogous organs are those which have same structure but perform different function in different organisms. They represent divergent evolution.

Similarity seen in taxa not due to common ancestry is referred to as homoplasy.

8. Incomplete dominance

Incomplete dominance is a condition in which the dominant allele is not able to express itself completely over the recessive allele and therefore we get a blended phenotype in the progeny. For example, if we cross red flowers with white flowers and if red flowers are incompletely dominant over white flowers then we get pink flowers in the progeny.

Codominance is a condition in which there are two dominant allele and both of them express themselves point for example, blood group AB in human in which both antigens A and B are expressed on the surface of RBC.

Polygenic inheritance is the condition in which more than one genes are responsible for controlling a trait. For example, skin colour in human is controlled by three genes each having two alleles.

Recessiveness is the inability of the recessive allele to express itself in the heterozygote condition.

9. Muscular action of esophagus

Our digestive system is a hollow tube which contains various organs. Each organ is having a specific type of muscle in its wall. These muscles relax and contract for allowing the passage of food from mouth till the the stomach and then to intestine and then outside the body through egestion of fecal matter.

Oesophagus which is also known as the food pipe is a long muscular tube which contracts and relaxes for passage of food from mouth to stomach. Therefore it is the connecting link between mouth and stomach.

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