Question

1) List 11 links between inflammation and cancer pathogenesis; and

2) Briefly describe three potential mechanisms behind the facilitation of cancer metastasis by surgical removal of primary tumor.

Answer 1

Answer 1:-

1. Basically, research has stated that tumor arises at the site of inflammation and has been associated with growth of various factors which may act as potent proliferators of cell growth (abnormal).
2. Tumor necrosis factor is associated with regulation of inflammatory response at the site of injury or infection. It acts as a chemokine that mediated controlled cell facilitation towards the injury site along with activating various other factors that help in regulation. Alterations in these factors basically lead to an abnormal situation that may be associated with oncogenesis and tumor formation.
3. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 is another such regulatory factor associated with oncogenesis when regulatory process is disturbed.
4. An ill effect of inflammatory response is release of certain chemical such as phorbol esters which are plant derived chemical which when introduced into the body interacts with certain specific Protein Kinase C receptor isotypes that mediate their tumor promoting activity in the body. Certain other irritants and inflammatory responses also helps this process.
5. Basically, promoter sequences usually interact in a way by which there occurs an inflammatory response associated with injury. There is recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils apart from other inflammatory cells. This in turn will mediate DNA damage by means of activity of reactive oxygen species or free radicals that target the DNA for destruction. This damage can be associated with alterations of DNA sequence in some cases and may also result in cells changing their normal cell cycle to become a potent Mutated form.
6. In case of chronic inflammation, the DNA damage is more potent due to which certain cells gets associated with cell growth factors which in turn enhanced their potential to become proliferative and lose their normal and regulated cell cycle.
7. Cancerous growth occurs when the effect of certain anti-inflammatory chemicals is altered. They show a mechanism in which cell-death pathway or apoptosis is mediated. Basically, certain chemokines are involved in differentiation of immature cells into nature forms however inflammatory response in most cases have stated to show presence of such immature inflammatory cell forms in the tissue showing neoplasms that is indicative of primitive growth stages.
8. Certain chemical mediators such as the immature cells seen above are responsible for initiating the normal growth of nerves and lymph nodes however chronic conditions enhances the abnormal nature thereby supporting metastasis and tumor development and tumor cell migration.
9. There are certain factors released by these undifferentiated cells which include Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecules that may result in migration of the cells that have altered genome into peritoneal layers. This initiates contact with body associated fluids and can even alter balance of certain enzymatic mechanisms.
10. Forkhead Box protein N-1 is a tumor suppressor gene which during dysregulation may result in tumor formation.
11. Helicobacter pylori that is associated with inflammatory response in the stomach paves may to the origin of cancer by means of an inflammatory response initiated against a biological microfauna that may act as causative agent of stomach infections.