Question

Instructions: Select one essay from each group. Submit each essay as a separate file. Include your name and identify which essay you are writing at the top of the page. Single-space, double-space between paragraphs. Standard margins, 11-12 point type.

GROUP ONE – Planning Work & Designing Organizations

1.   In class, we discussed how Gordon Bethune turned around Continental Airlines by using a meta-metric – on-time performance – to align organizational performance. Describe and discuss how this is an example of a means-ends chain.

2.   Discuss the relationship between environmental uncertainty and organizational structure. For organizations in highly dynamic, uncertain environment, what is the preferred form of organization? Why?

GROUP TWO – Diversity and Human Resources Management
3.   Define each term and discuss the relationship between bias, prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

4.   Describe the Human Resources Management process. What are the goals and major tasks at each step in the process?

Answer 1

Perceptual errors can be defined as a flaw in process of communication as well as understanding the specific information exchange. In perception errors one is directly away from the reality and assume about the information as well as the data which is not even provided.
There are many type of perceptual errors some of them are

•   Stereotyping
Making positive or negative thoughts about a specific category or group of people which is usually based on incorrect assumptions as well as please was under the category of stereotyping

•   Horn effect
By having understanding of a negative person just on the basis of one specific negative quality can be defined as a horn effect.

•   Halo defect
Hall effect can be defined as generating a General impression of some specific individual on the basis of its gone general characteristics.

•   Recency effect
It can be also define done the last impression of the specific individual on other person which drives the overall decision making or influence the judgement.

•   Primary effects
First information received becomes the basic influencing factors for the judgement and overall judgements are based on this specific cost information.
•   Similar to me effect
By finding somebody very similar to your lifestyle is and perceptual error of creating decisions on the basis of yourself.

•   Fundamental attribution error
In this specific factor the external influences plays an important role in decision making. By overestimating the external influences one can easily get influenced by the external factors and in decision making.

•   Self serving bias
For your own benefits an internal influencing factors 1 easily Planes the person in front for specific reasons determine as well as judges abilities of the other person.

•   Self fulfilling prophecy
People preconceived expectations and behaviour of themselves on to others which leads into the specific error.
Cognitive bias can be defined as a systematic pattern of deformation form a definite norm of rationality in a specific judgement. Gender specific factor includes internal influencing factors which leads to biased judgement.

• Prejudices  

By making assumptions about some specific person who is speaking in front of you, a feeling of ignoring directly introduces which readily decrease in the overall efficiency of the communication and the listen as power. Even after the speaker is providing the valuable information, listener script that presented valuable data and directly ignore the overall communication process which reduces the overall efficiency of the listening.
By maintaining proper ethics and following a proper code of conduct in a negotiation process we can easily overcome these cognitive. Having a specific thinking pattern as well as defined structure for the negotiation process and following a specific strategy based negotiation can also be very helpful in reducing the overall cognitive biases.
For improving communication between two parties we can easily implement new strategies according to the needs of the two individuals. If the communication is happening between two diverse cultures then we should keep in mind about the diversity and can improve the overall effectiveness of the communication by implementing different culturally diverse is strategies for the specific type of communication.
Your body language as well as presentation plays a very important role in negotiation in providing positive indications as well as following the good ethics of negotiation can lead to improve the overall process of communication between two parties in negotiation.
Superiority as well as introducing non related strategy into a negotiation process can lead to disastrous result hence the overall strategies used in the negotiation process should be simplified and kept as simple as possible. By keeping the simplicity of the processes and easily understandable structure we can easily improve the overall communication inside the negotiation process.
by avoiding the complexity in the contract as well as this in the communication process inside in negotiation we can easily improve the overall communication in negotiation process.

P.S.- Please use separate threads to ask multiple questions at a time.