Question

1. Describe a detail all alternative treatments to pan-resistant Streptococci
2. What antibiotics leads to Clostridium difficile infections? How are resistant C. difficile infections treated
3. How do these viruses(Influenza A and B viruses.) become resistant to the anti-viral drugs used to treat them?

Answer 1

Ans a) The pan resistant Streptococci can be treated with help of non antibiotic treatment. There are couple of alternative treatment that can be used for the treatment:-

• Use of hemoperfusion device – In this these devices helps in clearing the blood pathogens like streptococci with help of extracorpeal filters based on the physic-chemical properties of the organism.
• Use of inhibitors of quorum sensing – The use of the inhibitors of quorum sensing helps in disrupting the intracellular signaling between bacteria so that they are not able to communicate and hence their overall co-ordination is broken down.
• Use of lytic bacteriophage – such type of bacteriophage helps in degrading or causing the lysis of the phage material or the streptococci.

Ans b) there are couple of antibiotics that are able to cause C.diff infection and this mostly occurs in patients who are given multiple drug treatment. The antibiotic treatment are responsible for suppressing the normal colonic bacteria which protects he gut and prevents the C.diff from multiplying and causing colitis.

The C.diff infection can be treated with antibiotics, majorly with the use of vancomycin and the metronidazole. In both the cases, at least a 10 day antibiotic dose is required to take care of the infection. Most of the treatment requires a prolonged treatment for around a month. There are additional treatment required to prevent relapse by the patients as it is found that nearly 20% of the patient who are treated have tendency of undergoing a relapse.