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Consider sunlight striking the atmosphere off-zenith (e.g., at high latitudes). What impact does this have on...

Consider sunlight striking the atmosphere off-zenith (e.g., at high latitudes). What impact does this have on the height and peak density of a Chapman layer as compared to zenith illumination?

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The electric conductance is highly dependent on the plasma density, which is determined by the plasma production and loss mechanisms. In this section we briefly review the Chapman theory for plasma density in the ionosphere.

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