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Why Isn’t My Antibiotic Working?

Part I

Your throat hurts, and it’s been hurting for the last 24 hours, getting progressively worse. You’re worried because you were just visiting your cousin last weekend, and his 4-year-old daughter was just diagnosed with strep throat. You know it’s pretty contagious, and your cousin called as soon as his daughter was diagnosed. “Ugh,” you think. You don’t want to go to the doctor; it takes time, and you’re busy with school and work. But your throat is on fire, and you know that strep throat, if left untreated, can cause problems far worse than a sore throat and can even lead to death. You head to urgent care.

Once there, the doctor does a quick examination and then a throat swab. “We’ll do a rapid strep test,” she says, “and your results will be back in about 15 minutes. Do you have any drug allergies?” You answer, “Yes, to penicillin.” You try to forget the day you turned bright red and swelled up like a chipmunk over several hours. Fifteen minutes later the doctor comes in and hands you a prescription for azithromycin, which belongs to a class of antibiotics called macrolides. “It’s definitely strep. Get this filled, and be sure to take it as prescribed until it’s gone. If you still have symptoms in three days, please call us.”

You’re relieved, as the visit didn’t take long and the strep should be gone soon, as well as the burning in your throat. As you are waiting for the prescription to be ready, you wonder how this drug works. You remember in biology talking about cell structures and something about selective toxicity. But you need to do a little research, so you pull out your phone.

1. Before you start your internet search, you need to recall and review the structure and function of cells. To do so, please fill in the chart.

2. What does selective toxicity mean in regards to how antibiotics work?

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3. Based on the list above, are there any structures bacterial cells have that eukaryal cells do not?

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4. After seeing that there are not many structures bacterial cells have that eukaryal cells do not, you wonder how scientists have found drugs that target bacteria, while not harming humans. You go back and look at the list of structures that both types of cells have. List these structures below.

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5. Then you think to yourself, well maybe the above structures are not exactly the same. And here you begin your internet search. Remember to cite your sources using APA Style.

1. What cell structure does azithromycin target?
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2. What is the function of this cell structure?
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3. Do both eukaryal and bacterial cells have this cell structure?
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4. Are there any differences between the structure in bacterial and eukaryal cells? If so, please explain.
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Part II

You’ve been taking the azithromycin for three days, but your throat is still on fire and now you are running a fever. You call the doctor. She says you likely have a resistant strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. She prescribes another antibiotic, Cefadroxil, which belongs to a class of antibiotics called cephalosporins.

1. Your friend wants to know how you became resistant to an antibiotic. What do you tell her?
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2. What is the cell structure target of cephalosporins? Explain how this leads to selective toxicity.
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Part III

After 24 hours of taking Cefadroxil, you start to feel better. Your fever is gone and your throat is feeling well enough to eat some actual food, instead of just yogurt and milkshakes. You ponder the problem of antibiotic resistance, and imagine what your life would be like without it.

1. How do you think your life would be different without effective antibiotics?
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Answer 1

1. Selective toxicity means the anti  have ability to hit those sites in the bacteria that are present in the disease causing organism not present in the host.

2. Bacterial cells have cell wall that are not present in eukaryotic host.

3. Both types of cell gave DNA, chromosomes, cell membrane and ribosome.

4. The ribosome is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but both have different subunits that are hit by the antibiotics.

a. Azithomycin target 50S unit of ribosome.

b. This structure helps in the protein synthesis.

c. No, this subunit of ribosome is not present in eukaryotes

d. Yes, there is a difference. Prokaryotes have 30S and 50S ribosome unit whereas eukaryotes have 40S and 60S subunit.

Part II

1. Your friend have become resistant to antibiotics because they bacteria have mutated their structure where this drug binds

2. Cephalosporins target the peptidoglycan present in the cell wall. The cell wall is present only in prokaryotes not in rukaryotes and is an example of selective toxicity.

Part III

Without effective antibiotics, you will not get any relief from any problem and the bacteria show it's toxicity in the patient body.