Question

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Microbiology.

1.

In which of the following scenarios may a bactericidal drug be chosen over a bacteriostatic drug?

Your otherwise healthy patient has bacterial conjunctivitis caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus aegyptius.

Your otherwise healthy patient has pinworm caused by the roundworm Enterobius vermicularis.

Your pediatric patient has bacterial meningitis caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae.

Your immunocompromised patient has a severe case of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein Barr virus.

2.

DNA microarrays reveal

which genes are found in a given cell.

if any genes are mutated in a given cell.

which genes are being expressed in a given cell.

if reverse transcriptase is present in a given cell.

if a particular gene was acquired via horizontal gene transfer

3.

In order to successfully and safely deliver a gene to a human cell, a virus vector must be

packaged with RNA rather than DNA.

both infectious and pathogenic.

pathogenic but not infectious.

infectious but not pathogenic.

a retrovirus.

4.

The CRISPR-Cas9 system uses all except which of the following?

replacement DNA to be inserted at the cut site

prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells to be edited

reverse transcriptase enzyme

a guide RNA which locates the gene to be edited

an enzyme to cut both strands of DNA at the target site

5.

Select the properties that apply to vancomycin, the drug that Suzanne was given to treat her MRSA infection. Select all that apply. (NCLEX-HESI-TEAS Style)

It is associated with a high risk for C. difficile sequelae.

It is a bactericidal drug.

It can induce red man syndrome.

It is a glycopeptide drug.

It is a broad spectrum drug.

6.

Suzanne took five different antibiotics over the course of two weeks. What potential risks could develop as a result of this antimicrobial drug spree? Select all that apply. (NCLEX-HESI-TEAS Style)

She could have developed drug-related hypersensitivities.

Suzanne increased her risk for a C. difficile infection.

She could alter her normal microbiota composition.

She could have become resistant to the drugs she was taking.

She could have triggered the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

7.

Which of the following is an important part of antibiotic stewardship? Select all that apply.

Antibiotics should be used judiciously, only when needed to improve patient outcomes.

Whenever possible, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used to treat infections. This will help to kill many different types of infectious agents in the body.

Antibiotics should be taken until the entire prescription is gone. 8. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are often used in a clinic to diagnose flu cases. Recent studies suggest that the sensitivity of these tests is 50-70% and that specificity is about 90%. Based on this data, which of the following is most common for these tests? (NCLEX-HESI-TEAS Style) Results come back positive every time that a patient has the flu. Results come back positive every time, regardless if the patient has the flu or not. Results come back negative even though the patient has the flu. Results come back positive when the patient does not have the flu.

Two or more antibiotics with different mechanisms of action should be prescribed for each infection to ensure that there is no antibiotic resistance that develops.

Answer 1

Ans.1) Option C: Your pediatric patient has bacterial meningitis caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae.

Explanation: Bacteriocidal antibiotics treats infection by killing bacteria and as bacterial meningitis is a chronic disease involving CNS at risk and is caused by gram +ve bacteria which releases exotoxins , so this bacterial infection need to be ceased by killing these bacteria. But in case gram -ve bacteria they generally secreates endotoxins which is released when bacteria is killed so their infection need to be controlled by using bacteriostatic drugs which limits their growth/multiplication. Antibiotics are not functional against viruses, fungus, protozoa, worms etc.