Question

Please answer all the questions. each answer should at least have 4 sentences.

Part I

Your throat hurts, and it’s been hurting for the last 24 hours, getting progressively worse. You’re worried because you were just visiting your cousin last weekend, and his 4-year-old daughter was just diagnosed with strep throat. You know it’s pretty contagious, and your cousin called as soon as his daughter was diagnosed. “Ugh,” you think. You don’t want to go to the doctor; it takes time, and you’re busy with school and work. But your throat is on fire, and you know that strep throat, if left untreated, can cause problems far worse than a sore throat and can even lead to death. You head to urgent care.

Once there, the doctor does a quick examination and then a throat swab. “We’ll do a rapid strep test,” she says, “and your results will be back in about 15 minutes. Do you have any drug allergies?” You answer, “Yes, to penicillin.” You try to forget the day you turned bright red and swelled up like a chipmunk over several hours. Fifteen minutes later the doctor comes in and hands you a prescription for azithromycin, which belongs to a class of antibiotics called macrolides. “It’s definitely strep. Get this filled, and be sure to take it as prescribed until it’s gone. If you still have symptoms in three days, please call us.”

You’re relieved, as the visit didn’t take long and the strep should be gone soon, as well as the burning in your throat. As you are waiting for the prescription to be ready, you wonder how this drug works. You remember in biology talking about cell structures and something about selective toxicity. But you need to do a little research, so you pull out your phone.

1. Before you start your internet search, you need to recall and review the structure and function of cells. To do so, please fill in the chart.

2. What does selective toxicity mean in regards to how antibiotics work?

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3. Based on the list above, are there any structures bacterial cells have that eukaryal cells do not?

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4. After seeing that there are not many structures bacterial cells have that eukaryal cells do not, you wonder how scientists have found drugs that target bacteria, while not harming humans. You go back and look at the list of structures that both types of cells have. List these structures below.

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5. Then you think to yourself, well maybe the above structures are not exactly the same. And here you begin your internet search. Remember to cite your sources using APA Style.

1. What cell structure does azithromycin target?
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2. What is the function of this cell structure?
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3. Do both eukaryal and bacterial cells have this cell structure?
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4. Are there any differences between the structure in bacterial and eukaryal cells? If so, please explain.
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Answer 1

Answers:

1) The selective toxicity of antibiotics means that they must be highly effective against the microbe but have minimal or no toxicity to humans. In practice, this is expressed by a drug's therapeutic index (TI) the ratio of the toxic dose (to the patient) to the therapeutic dose (to eliminate the infection).

2) Prokaryotic cells have chloroplast and a nucleoid that eukaryotic cells do not Prokaryotic cells have chloroplast and a nucleoid that eukaryotic cells do not.

3) Both cells have ribosome’s, cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, cytoskeleton, Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

4) a) It attacks ribosome's.

b) The function of this structure is protein synthesis.

  c) Eukaryotic cells and bacterial cells both have ribosome's.

d) There is a membrane bound nucleus in eukaryotes and not in bacteria; this is a big difference because it is the way that genetic information is expressed. Our genetic information is important for our cellular structure organization and function. Eukaryotes have a large genome size, and the ability to form large and complex multi-cellular structures.

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