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3) Imagine I randomly select a group of smokers and a group of nonsmokers. I then measure lung disease in each group. What ty
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3.

This is nonequivalent control group post test-only design. The participants can be either smokers or nonsmokers. then we did post test measures.

We cannot conclude that any observed differences in lung disease are due to smoking because variables different from smoking may differ between two groups.

4.

Pretest/Post test designs are an improvement because they are allowing us to assess whether groups are similar or different before introducing treatment and how much they will change after introducing the treatment. By this way, we can determine that whether groups are in fact equivalent before treatment.

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