Question

Do some research about the following topics: Organizational Change Management

• Organizational Communication
• Organizational Conflict Resolution
• Organizational Culture
• Organization Design
• Organizational Leadership
• Theories of Motivation

Answer 1

Organizational Change Management: It is the framework for managing changes in organizations. According to Lewin, 1951, changes happen in three phases i.e. unfreezing, refreezing and moving. According to Sahoo & Srivastava, 2015, changes occur in the structure, culture, people, and process. The changes can be planned or unplanned, transformational or incremental, etc. It helps in ease organizational transitions. There are internal and external forces that affect organizational change. These are poor work culture, leadership failures, technology, legislative changes, competition, etc.

Organizational Communication: The communication that takes place in the business environment, It refers to individual communication to mass communication. It could be formal or informal. There are different types of communication according to Chand, 2015:

• Formal Communication:
• Informal Communication:
• Downward Communication:
• Upward Communication:
• Horizontal Communication:
• Oral or Verbal Communication:
• Written Communication:

Organization Culture: The underlying beliefs, assumptions that contribute to the unique organizational values. It guides the organization in a specific path and in most cases they are inspired by the founders' perspective. There are basic culture types which are Market culture, Clan culture, Hierarchy culture, and Adhocracy culture. According to Schein, 1996 there are three levels known as artifacts, espoused values, and underlying assumptions.

Organization conflict resolution: According to Jokanovic et al, 2017, conflicts are constructive and destructive, functional or dysfunctional, relationship, task and process conflicts. interpersonal conflicts, intrapersonal, intragroup, intergroup conflicts. To resolve all these conflicts, conflict resolution has to be done by antecedent cognitions, cognition, and personalization, behavior, and outcome. According to Appelbaum et al, 1999 and Sudhakar, 2015, the conflict resolution methods are threats and coercion, collaboration, compromise, debate, introduction judges, smoothing, and avoiding and ignoring.  

Organizational Design: According to Allen, 2012, It is a methodology in which the workflow, structure, system, and processes are following the vision and aligning to befit with the organizational goals. The design helps in implementing changes in the organization, grievance redressal, controlling the departments, etc. According to Leonard, 2018, It has got 6 main components like formalization, centralization, span of control, chain of command, departmentalization, and work specialization.

Organizational Leadership: According to Cartwright, 2009, It is a dual-focused management approach that simultaneously works for organizations and individuals. It enhances employee empowerment and creates a strong human relationship. it helps in achieving the strategic goals of the organization. It capitalizes the strengths and managing the weaknesses. It is ethics which guides the organizational leadership. Effective leaders use appropriate leadership for different situations and try to control it.

Theories of Motivation: Motivation is important as it increases productivity, drives the inner desires to achieve success in life, hep achieving organizational efficiency, reduces work pressure and tension. There are content theories and process theories. The content theories are Abraham Maslow's needs hierarchy, Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory, David McClelland's achievement motivation and Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory. The process theories are B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory, Victor Vroom's expectancy theory, John Stacey Adam's equity theory, and Locke's and Latham's goal-setting theory.