Question

1. Describe the broad evolution of plants in the plant kingdom (in terms of phylogeny, reproduction, alternation of generations, leaf modifications, and vascularity) 2. Compare and contrast microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in Pinus and angiosperms). You must use, but are not limited to, the following terms: anther, microsporangia, generative cell, microsporocytes, megasporocyte microspores, pollen sacs, pollen grain, sperm, tube cell, 3. Compare and contrast megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Pinus and angiosperms. You must use, but are not limited to, the following terms: megasporocyte, meiosis, functional megaspore, archegonia, eggs, free nuclear, megagametophyte 4. Describe 5 different types of pollination associations/co-evolution. You must describe the type of flower and what specifically aids in moving pollen to stigma. 5. Describe 5 methods of fruit/seed dispersal in angiosperms. You must describe the type of fruit, or seed, and the type of mechanism involved. 6. Describe and illustrate all of the following life cycles: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. (I will definitely choose one of these in a separate section of the test - for gymnosperms and angiosperms be able to recognize and label the sections)

please answers these 6 questions with readable handwriting and in a good explanations

Answer 1

Ans 1: Alternation of Generations refers to the plant life cycle

Leaf modification: Microphylls (small lvs; single vascular strand; begin as enations) and Megaphylls (large leaves with complex branching system)

Reproduction:
Homospory: spores are of 1 kind (horsetails, almost all ferms)

Heterospory: spores of 2 kinds (all seed plants, some lycophytes)

Microspores are found in microsporangia

Megaspores are found in megasporangia

Vascularity:

Steles: vascular cylinder 3 types of steles:

Protostele: simplest and most ancient

Solid cylinder- Psilophyta and Lycophyta

Siphonostele: most seedless vascular plants, central pith surrounded by vascular tissue

Eustele: Seed plants

Derived from protostele Phylogeny

embryophytes, vascular plants, seed plants, and angiosperms are monophyletic group while bryophytes and gymnosperms groups are paraphyletic

Ans 2: and Ans 3:

Microsporogenesis	Megasporogenesis
formation of microspores within the microsporangia of the anther	formation of megaspores within the nucellus within the ovule
4 groups of sporogenous cells within the anther become microsporocytes Tapetum develops from sterile cells 2N microsporocytes divide meiotically giving rise to 1N microspore tetrads Each haploid microspore develops a resistant outer wall exine made up of sporopollenin and an inner wall intine made up of cellulose and pectin	2N megasporocyte arises in the megasporangium 2N megasporocyte divide meiotically to produce 4 haploid megaspores 3 megaspores degenerate, 1 becomes a functional megaspore
Each haploid pollen grain divides mitotically forming 2 cells: tube and generative cells Generative cells divide again giving rise to 2 sperm Pollen grains released from the anther	Megagametogenesis (formation of megagametophyte (embryo sac) from megaspore) The nucleus of megaspore divides mitotically 3 mitotic divisions yield 8 nuclei 2 nuclei migrate toward middle forming 3 antipodals at the chalazal end, 2 polar nuclei in the center, and egg apparatus (egg plus 2 synergids) at the micropylar end -cell wall formation occurs at the antipodals= 7 celled, 8 nucleated mature gametophyte

Ans 4:

Pollination
Wind= odorless, mostly monoecious, catkin flowers

Bird: long nectar tubes, bright red and purple colors, odorless

Mosquitoes: small white flowers in meadow/swamp-like locations

Wasp: attracted to flowers with rich nectar and flowers that mimic wasp pheromone

Butterflies: attracted to all colors, long nectar tubes, flat landing platform

Beetles and Bugs: attracted to yeast, fruit, spicy fragrance; white or yellow dull colors, the load of pollen, inferior ovaries