Question

Epigenetics Video: Please go to the link for the video on D2L on epigenetics and then answer the questions: You may need to watch the video more than once to find the answers. Answer the following questions. Twins: 1. What is one reason why identical twins may not look or act the same? 2. Why would one twin having a disease make it more likely for the other twin to have the disease? 3. Why would they not always have the disease? 4. How do identical twins form? Mouse Experiment: 1. How are the mice similar? How are they different? 2. How does the binding of chemicals to histones alter gene expression? 3. Describe what the "epigenome" is in your own words. 4. How does the epigenome help cells to develop into different tissues or organ systems? 5. Describe at least 3 ways that your epigenome can change. 5. Describe at least 3 ways that your epigenome can change. 6. How does Jirtle (the researcher) affect the epigenome of the mice to get skinny brown mice? 7. Fill in the boxes below to describe the experiment: Diet: Phenotype of Phenotype of Diet: Large, yellow Mice-> offspring: offspring: 8. How is the experimental results of the second generation of mice different from the first generation of rats? 9. What is one implication of the results in humans? 10. Describe the impact in terms of your health, your parents, and your grandparent's diet based on the rat study. 11. What was the major finding of the Spanish twin study? 12. What does it mean to undergo genetic therapy vs. epigenetic therapy? Paragraph 12. What does it mean to undergo genetic therapy epigenetic therapy? VS. Part 2: University of Utah: Learn.Genetics Website Go to the website below and explore multiple aspects as described below: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/ The Epigenome at a Glance: Answer the following questions. 1. What is DNA wrapped around? 2. Structurally, what is the epigenome? 3. 3.How does the epigenome function differently for active vs inactive genes? 4. What kinds of factors influence the epigenome? can Gene Control Signals from the outside world can work through the epigenome to change a cell's gene expression. In the activity below, you act as the signal. As you turn the control knob, epigenetic tags come and go to change the shape of the gene. Notice what happens to the MRNA and protein levels when you manipulate the epigenetic tags on the gene. Gene, mRNA and protein production are linked. They change together. 1.What happens to the DNA, RNA and protein when the dial is turned "up?" 1. 2. Could You Really Do This? Gene Control Signals from the outside world can work through the epigenome to change a cell's gene expression. In the activity below, you act as the signal. As you turn the control knob, epigenetic tags come and go to change the shape of the gene. Notice what happens to the mRNA and protein levels when you manipulate the epigenetic tags on the gene. Gene, MRNA and protein production are linked. They change together. 1. 1.What happens to the DNA, RNA and protein when the dial is turned "up?" 2. Could You Really Do This? 3.Has this been done before? 3. How does gene control affect cancer? 4. Lick Your Rats Step one: Go to the following link to access the "lick your rats" exercise: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/rats/ Once there, begin by clicking the "investigate" button on the right; play through all the sections Some mother rats spend a lot of time licking, grooming and nursing their pups. Others seem to ignore their pups. Highly nurtured rat pups tend to grow up to be calm adults, while rat pups who receive little nurturing tend to grow up to be anxious. It turns out that the difference between a calm and an anxious rat is not genetic -it's epigenetic. The nurturing behavior of a mother rat during the first week of life shapes her pups' epigenomes. And the epigenetic pattern that mom establishes tends to stay put, even after the pups become adults 1. How can the expression of the GR gene be altered? 1. 2.What happens (genetically and behaviorally) to the baby rat when it is licked a lot? Paragraph How can the expression of the GR gene be altered? 1. 1. 2.What happens (genetically and behaviorally) to the baby rat when it is licked a lot? 2. What happens (same as above) to the baby rat when it wasn't licked very much? 3. How does nurturing affect the DNA? 4. How is the brain of licked vs not licked rats affected by the process? Scroll down the page to the section called: "Based on a true story": McGill University Video / Lecture 1. How many genes were found to be affected by the amount of nurturing by the mother? 2. What are the possible ways to determine if a rat was licked? Insights from Identical Twins http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/twins/ 1. 1.When are epigenetic tags "erased?" 2. What is an imprinted genes? 3. Do identical twins have the same epigenome? Percant of twin pairs who share the trait 4. What is an environmental factor that can have an effect on the epigenome? Height Reading Deabety Autim 5. In the table on the right, which traits do you think have mor re Aghmer's of a genetic comnonent and which traits are more likelv to Paragraph Insights from Identical Twins http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/twins/ 1.When are epigenetic tags "erased?" 1. 2. What is an imprinted genes? 3. Do identical twins have the same epigenome? Percent of twin pairs who share the trait 4. What is an environmental factor that can have an effect on the epigenome? Heght Reading Disability Autsm S. In the table on the right, which traits do you think have more of a genetic component and which traits are more likely to have an epigenetic component? Auhelmer's Sceopeen Alccholm Bpoar Disorder 5. How does the difference between how identical twins and fraternal twins point to the possibility of in utero events affecting the epigenome? Hypertansion Diabetes Mutiple Scls 6. How can information from this table help people who are Breast Cancer not twins? O's dsse Nutrition and the Epigenome http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/nutrition/ Stroke tal Ti m A aem a 1. Why is nutrition studied for its affects on the epigenome? 2. What kinds of foods or nutrients can affect your epigenome? 3. According to this website, how important is the food your mother eats during pregnancy and what you are fed during infancy as it affects your epigenome? w aiayi Croh's disease Nutrition and the Epigenome http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/nutrition/ Stroke Rheumatold Arthvitis 1. Why is nutrition studied for its affects on the epigenome? 2. What kinds of foods or nutrients can affect your epigenome? 3. According to this website, how important is the food your mother eats during pregnancy and what you are fed during infancy as it affects your epigenome? 4. Can you father have an impact on your epigenome? What unusual finding does the website say regarding paternal epigenomic affects? 5. How does a bees food affect its development? 6. What is nutrigenomics? Epigenetics and the Human Brain http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/brain/ 7. What do you think about this? Summary: Write a small paragraph describing how the exercises on epigenetics did (or did not) change your perceptions of how your actions affect your future offspring (or grandchildren), or how your health has been impacted by the choices made by your grandparents.

Answer 1

Answer 1:)

The main reason is both children must not possess the same gene for the looks of their faces and hence develops into two identical but not physical similar. Even they are identical twins.

Answer 2:)

The main reason behind this is the similar genetics of the twins. The twins due to have same genes get same type of immunity. Therefore, disease to one of them may cause the disease to the other.

Answer 3:)

Time is not same always and that is why twins do not get disease always. They develop and acquire more immunity. Therefore, sometime one twin can have disease but other cannot have.

Answer 4:)

Twins form during the fertilization when one ovum gets separate to two zygotes after being fertilized by one sperm or two different sperms fertilize one ovum.

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