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4. Why are there THREE complement pathways i.e. if classical was absent, how would that affect...
for the three pathways for complement activation (alternative, lectin, and classical), which pathway is the least...
for the three pathways for complement activation (alternative, lectin, and classical), which pathway is the least efficient at clearing invading bacteria? for C3 cleavage and amplification cascade, what goes in and what comes out?
11. Which of the following complement pathways are activated by recognizing microbial products? a. Alternative and...
11. Which of the following complement pathways are activated by recognizing microbial products? a. Alternative and classical b. Lectin and classical c. Lectin and alternative d. All pathways; lectin, classical and alternative 12. True or False: Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). a. True b. False 13. Which of the following is NOT true about the interferon response? a. Activates innate immune cells b. Increases the expression of MHC class I and antigen presentation by APCs c....
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity by explaining how they differ is the following 2...
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity by explaining how they differ is the following 2 questions (I-III). Please answer in complete sentences. How do these 2 types of immunity differ is the timing of their response? How do the receptors as innate and adaptive immune cells differ in what they recognize? Please describe what the receptors on immune cells recognize and what the receptors on adaptive immune cells recognize. Complement proteins normally circulate in the blood and provide early...
How do the three complement pathways activate the complement system?
How do the three complement pathways activate the complement system?
1. Which of the following complement activation pathways can be activated by antibodies? a. Lectin activation...
1. Which of the following complement activation pathways can be activated by antibodies? a. Lectin activation pathway b. Classical activation pathway c. Alternate activation pathway d. All of the above can be activated by antibodies. e. None of the above can be activated by antibodies. 2. Which of the following cells are leukocytes? a. NK cells b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. all of the above e, none of the above 3 Which of the following cells are lymphocytes? a. NK...
Immunology (elaborate explanations are not necessary 3-4 sentences are suffice) State timing, steps and cells involved...
Immunology (elaborate explanations are not necessary 3-4 sentences are suffice) State timing, steps and cells involved in the innate immune response to bacterial antigens and contrast this with adaptive immune responses to the same antigen. Explain how macrophages recognize bacteria and the host mechanisms that lead to recruitment of cells to sites of infection. Explain how inflammation is triggered, the changes in cells at sites of infection that occur and how this relates targeting of both phagocytes and adaptive immune...
1. You are presenting with advanced flu-like symptoms (i.e., cough, fatigue, fever, and malaise) and visit...
1. You are presenting with advanced flu-like symptoms (i.e., cough, fatigue, fever, and malaise) and visit the doctor. The doctor rules out an influenza infection and tells you to drink lots of fluids and get plenty of bed rest. Should you insist on being tested for coronavirus infections? Why or why not? 2. Last year you endured the flu and multiple viral infections. Will this help protect you from further virus infections? If so, to what extent? 3. Scientists are...
3. Differentiate the three types of complement responses 4. Macrophages are known as professional phagocytes because...
3. Differentiate the three types of complement responses 4. Macrophages are known as professional phagocytes because of their role in the immune system. What molecules allow the macrophage to detect bacteria and engulf them? A brief discussion of each (location on the cell, ligand targets, etc) will be acceptable. 5. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors known to be important in detecting bacteria and viruses. Once TLRs bind to their ligand, they alter the cells gene expression profile....
List and describe at least 5 different ways in which genetic diversity in immunoglobulins arise. Describe...
List and describe at least 5 different ways in which genetic diversity in immunoglobulins arise. Describe three ways in which complement acts to protect the host during infection. Identify specific molecules/ convertases and their contributions to the immune response. Complement activation can occur via the classical, alternative or lectin pathway. Identify which pathway you would expect to be activated in a patient that had a seasonal flu shot in October 2019. Streptococcus pneumoniae Influenza virus Escherichia coli Present a scenario...
How would a riboflavin deficiency affect the functioning of the citric acid cycle? Why?
How would a riboflavin deficiency affect the functioning of the citric acid cycle? Why?
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity by explaining how they differ is the following 2 questions (I-III). Please answer in complete sentences. How do these 2 types of immunity differ is the timing of their response? How do the receptors as innate and adaptive immune cells differ in what they recognize? Please describe what the receptors on immune cells recognize and what the receptors on adaptive immune cells recognize. Complement proteins normally circulate in the blood and provide early...
1. Which of the following complement activation pathways can be activated by antibodies? a. Lectin activation pathway b. Classical activation pathway c. Alternate activation pathway d. All of the above can be activated by antibodies. e. None of the above can be activated by antibodies. 2. Which of the following cells are leukocytes? a. NK cells b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. all of the above e, none of the above 3 Which of the following cells are lymphocytes? a. NK...
1. You are presenting with advanced flu-like symptoms (i.e., cough, fatigue, fever, and malaise) and visit the doctor. The doctor rules out an influenza infection and tells you to drink lots of fluids and get plenty of bed rest. Should you insist on being tested for coronavirus infections? Why or why not? 2. Last year you endured the flu and multiple viral infections. Will this help protect you from further virus infections? If so, to what extent? 3. Scientists are...
3. Differentiate the three types of complement responses 4. Macrophages are known as professional phagocytes because of their role in the immune system. What molecules allow the macrophage to detect bacteria and engulf them? A brief discussion of each (location on the cell, ligand targets, etc) will be acceptable. 5. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors known to be important in detecting bacteria and viruses. Once TLRs bind to their ligand, they alter the cells gene expression profile....
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D. P(Oi)≥1P(Oi)≥1
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