Question

hypercalcemia is " due to endocrine hormone alteration the calcium is released excess from the bones into blood vessels causing other symptoms" and treatment is " removal of parathyroid partial or total" Can you explain this further please? How does the parathyroid affect calcium levels?

Answer 1

hypercalcemia is the increased calcium level in serum more than 10 mg/dl.

due to hyperparathyroidism excess, parathyroid hormones produce and causes the increased release of calcium from bones and also increases the absorption of calcium by intestine and kidney. when it exceeds more than 70 mg/dl, calcification of soft tissues occurs.

hypercalcemia also occur due to immobility, thiazide diuretics(affects parathyroid gland) causes a slightly elevated serum calcium level. vitamin A and D intoxication, chronic lithium use, theophylline toxicity.

hypercalcemia reduces muscle tonicity leads to symptoms like muscle weakness, incoordination, anorexia, constipation.

other symptoms are  

• abdominal and bone pain.
• excessive urination
• severe thirst with polyuria
• confusion
• impaired memory
• slurred speech
• lethargy
• diarrhoea
• peptic ulcer symptoms
• acute psychotic behaviour
• coma

treatment

surgical removal of parathyroid gland.(for hyperparathyroidism)