Question

Short answers. Be succinct and to the point.

(g) ( point) Why is it important to indicate areas of incompleteness rather than just omit them in the requirements documentation? (h) (1 point) Object-oriented programming is based on several principles of quality programming What are they? (i) (1 point) Why is it important to include undesired events and exception handling in the require- ments documentation? (j) (1 point) Improperly handled, requirements' risks, for example, little stakeholder involvement, poor alignment between the stakeholder expectation and the developer expectation, project overboard and drown them. According to a study on software spending carried out by the US Department of Defense in 1995, 75% of the software was drowned (cancelled before delivery or never used after delivery), a cost of almost $27 billion. What did we do in our course in order to or push soft- can ware reduce these risks? (k) (1 point) Why is it useful to include Change Cases (if any) in the requirements documentation? (1) (1 point) What is point of including rejected alternatives and the reasons of rejection in software documentation? (m) (1 point) Why is simplicity important when designing public interfaces?

Answer 1

Ans g
if we omit , it will result in the reduction of feature of a system.
it is important to indicate the area of incompleteness because if we omit it, it means we are going to lose a particular functionality of a system.
if we specify the incompleteness of any process, it can be completed and the functionality can be implemented.

Ans h)
1. Encapsulation and abstraction
2. Inheritance
3. polymorphism

Object oriented principals are based on real life scenarios
1. Encapsulation: In object oriented paradigm, data is not allowed to move freely around the program.
data and function are encapsulated together to form a single unit known as class.

Abstraction: means to disclose only necessary detail about the object(a real world entity).

2. Inheritance: offers code reusability, a new class(child class) can be derived from an existing class(old class).

3. polymorphism:- having more than one forms.
detail is given below

Object,
class,
abstraction/encapsulation,
Polymorphism,
inheritance/Generalization/specialization,
Aggregation/Composition,
Association
Object:- Any real world entity which can be represented in real world.
object can be described by its attributes.
for example :- A student is an object, because one can describe a student by the following attributes
a)Name of student
b)Date of birth
c)Course
d)contact_number
e)Roll_number
and so on.
There are three important aspects about any object
1)State
2) behavior
3)Identity
state:-a student may be in state of listening lecture,
behavior:- the behavior of student is to solve assignments
Identity:-every object should be identified uniquely.
every student is uniquely identified by his/her roll number.
class:- is a template/blueprint which is used to create object.
with the help of class one can define that what type of object will be created.
inheritance:- A new class(derived class) can be derived from the existing class(super class).
it offers code reusability
abstraction:- to disclose only necessary details about the object.
encapsulation:- function and data are wrapped together to form a single unit(class).
ultimately, unnecessary details about the object will be hidden.
polymorphism:- having more than one forms.
example:- touch screen of a mobile phone can be used to perform various tasks.
same touch screen can be used to send messages,dial phone numbers,play audio/video, and so on.
In few programming languages + operator can be used to perform mathematical addition as well as string concatenation, so + operator exhibits polymorphism.

Ans i)
a program/software/system should be robust.
it means if a program receives some improper inputs, the program should not be terminated abnormally.
program should be terminated properly by showing the proper message for the user.
so, to deal with undesired events, program should be tested for various test cases.

exception is a situation which forces a program to be terminated abnormally.
with the help exception handling we can get rid of abnormal termination of the program.

so , testing, validations,exception handling makes our programs robust.

Ans J)
there may be several reason behind the failure of a software project
1)lack of proper communication between developer and client
2)problem is not clearly defined.
3)lack of support from the users(employees of any organization) of the software.
4)improper feasibility study(lack of schedule feasibility, economic feasibility,technical feasibility and so on.
5)lack of users training

The best practices to avoid such project failures
1)Use Agile methodology
this methodology of software development offers rapid development of software.
is is based on develop/modify and test, develop/modify and test approach.
frequent meeting with client are scheduled to know the need of client in more better way.
frequent changes in client's requirement are implemented and tested to satisfy the client.

2)Analysis and investigation phase should be taken care very seriously to know the requirement precisely.
3)try to involve the users in the requirement analysis phase.
convince the users that this software will make their job easy.
4)feasibility study should be performed properly.
in feasibility study project manager comes to know that "for project development and implementation,
Favorable conditions are present or not".
5)There should be training programs for users, to make them aware how to use software to make their job easy.