Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straigh...

Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.

•• It is found that the radius R of any nucleus is given approximately by

where A is the mass number of the nucleus and R0 is a constant whose value depends a little on how R is defined, but is about 1.1 fm. (a) What are the radii of the nuclei of helium, carbon, iron, lead, and lawrencium? (b) How does the volume of a nucleus (assumed spherical) depend on A? What does your answer tell you about the average density of nuclei?