Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.
•• (a) Calculate the mass of the 4He nucleus in atomic mass units by subtracting the mass of two electrons from that of a neutral 4He atom. (See Appendix D, and give four decimal places.) (b) The procedure suggested for part (a) is theoretically incorrect because we have neglected the binding energy of the electrons. Given that the energy needed to pull both electrons far away from the nucleus is 80 eV, is the correct answer larger or smaller than implied by part (a), and by how much (in u)? In stating the mass of the nucleus, about how many significant figures can you give before this effect would show up?
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