Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.
• Suppose that a 60-kg person absorbs an effective dose of 5 Sv of X-rays (which, in a single exposure, would probably be fatal), (a) What is the total energy absorbed by the person? (b) Taking the person’s specific heat to be about that of water, find their resulting temperature increase. (Your answer will show that heating does not play an important role in the damaging effect of radiation.)
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