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Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straigh...

Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.

•• A 25-kg child swallows 2 × 109 Bq (about 50 mCi) of a β emitter, which ejects electrons with average energy 1.2 MeV. Assuming that all the electrons are absorbed in the body, what is the child’s average absorbed dose per hour? Given that 5 Gy is a lethal dose, roughly how quickly must doctors flush out the radioactivity to save the child?

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