Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.
• Medical technicians place an ion chamber 20 cm from a radioactive source (which is in its shielded container) and measure an intensity that would produce an effective dose of 3 mSv per hour in human tissue. If safety regulations limit a worker’s exposure to 50 mSv per year, at what minimum distance from the source should people normally work? (Assume that they work a 40-hour week for 50 weeks per year and that absorption of the radiation in air is negligible.)
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