Define Hull’s concepts of primary and secondary drives and primary and secondary reinforcement.
For Hull, the ground of motivation came from the condition of need of body which arose from the aberration from conditions of biology which were optimum. Hull hypothesized the variable of intervention, “drive” rather than launching the need of biology concept precisely in his system.
Drive was characterized as the stimulus which arose from the condition of tissue requirement arousing or activating behavior. In the view of Hull, satisfaction or reduction of a drive is the primary reinforcement basis.
The power of the drive could be experimentally determined using the deprivation length or by energy, strength and intensity expenditure of the resultant behavior. He considered deprivation length as an imperfect aid and put bigger emphasis on the strength of the response.
He gave two types of drive. Drives which were primary are linked with internal biological requirements and are essential to the survival of the organism. These include temperature, air, defecation, sleep, sex, relief, food, water and urination.
Drives which were secondary related to the circumstances or stimuli from environment linked to the decrease of drives which were primary and therefore might turn into drive themselves.
An example would involve touching a plate which is hot or being burned. The burn which is painful caused due to real damage which is physical to the tissues of the body, results into a drive which is primary, the wish for relief by the pain.
Law of reinforcement which is primary given by Hull asserts that when a relationship like stimulus-response is chased by a decrease in the requirement, the possibility elevates that on eventual occasions the similar stimulus would evoke the similar response.
Just like the system of drives which were primary or which are learned, reinforcement which is secondary is also dealt. If the stimulus’s intensity in decreased because of the drive which is secondary, then the drive would act as reinforcement which is secondary.