Options A and C are the evidences for the “evolution repeats itself.”
a) The association between HbS (haemoglobin S – characteristic of sickle cell anemia) frequency and the occurrence of malaria was held across not only East Africa, but the African continent, Southern Europe, and the Indian subcontinent. Allison inferred that the HbS alleles in various regions arose independently, quite than by spreading through migration. In reality, with the initiation of tools for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genotyping, it is evident that the HbS mutation has arisen separately in five various haplotypes and then improved to high frequency in specific regions.