A 12-m long and 12-mm inner-diameter pipe made of commercial steel is used to heat a liquid in an industrial process. The liquid enters the pipe with Ti= 25°C, V = 0.8 m/s. A uniform heat flux is maintained by anelectric resistance heater wrapped around the outer surface of the pipe, so that the fluid exits at75°C. Assuming fully developed flow and taking the average fluid properties to be ρ =1000 kg/m3, cρ =4000 J/kg·K, μ= 2 x 10-3 kg/m·s. k =0.48 W/m·K, and Pr = 10, determine:
(a) The required surface heat flux qs produced by the heater
(b) The surface temperature at the exit, Ts
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