A 2.44-m (8-ft) diameter steel (/ = 0.015) penstock 2,439 m (8,000 ft) long is used to deliver water from a reservoir [WSEL = 304.9 m (1,000 ft)] to a turbine with a tail-water elevation 246.9 m (810.0 ft) under a head of 42.7 m (140 ft) [Elevation = HGL upstream of turbine is 289.6 m (950 ft)]. A valve in the line near the turbine [Elevation 250 m (820 ft)] must close in 30 seconds. Using a working stress for the steel as 240,000 kPa (18,000 psi), compute the wall thickness of the penstock.
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