Calculate the theoretical potential of the following cells. Indicate whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously in the direction considered (oxidation on the left, reduction on the right) or whether an external voltage source is needed to force this reaction to occur.
(a) Pb | Pb2+(0.120 M) || Cd2+(0.0500) | Cd
(b) Zn | Zn2+(0.0420 M) || Tl3+(9.06 × 10-2 M),Tl+(0.0400 M) | Pt
(c) Pt, H2(757 torr) | HCl(2.00 × 10-4 M) || Ni2+(0.0400 M) | Ni
(d) Pb | PbI2(sat’d), I- (0.0220 M) || Hg2+(2.60 × 10-3 M) | Hg
(e) Pt, H2(1.00 atm) | NH3(0.400 M), NH4+(0.200 M) || SHE
(f) Pt | TiO2+(0.0450 M), Ti3+(0.00320 M),H+(3.00 × 10-2 M) || VO2+(0.1600 M),V3+(0.0800 M), H+(0.0100 M) | Pt
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