Mastery Problem: Manufacturing Cost Variance (Actual Costs Compared to Standard Costs)
Manufacturing cost variances may come from material costs that are higher or lower than expected, material usage that is not what was expected, higher or lower labor costs than expected, or more or less time spent to produce an item than expected. Overhead cost and volume variances are another cause for costs to be higher or lower than what was expected. The total manufacturing variance can be broken down by cost type (materials, labor, overhead) and further by cost variances within cost types and usage or efficiency variances within cost types:
↗ | Direct Materials Cost Variance | ↗ | Also referred to as materials rate variance. The direct materials price variance measures the difference between planned materials expenditures and what was actually spent on materials for actual output. This analysis is very important to businesses for which materials costs make up a significant portion of business expenses.Direct Materials Price Variance | |
↘ | Also referred to as materials efficiency variance. The direct materials quantity variance measures the difference between planned materials to be used for output and what was actually used.Direct Materials Quantity Variance | |||
Total Manufacturing Cost Variance | → | Direct Labor Cost Variance | ↗ | Also referred to as direct labor price variance, direct labor rate variance measures the difference between planned labor expenditures and what was actually spent. Direct Labor Rate Variance |
↘ | Also referred to as labor usage variance, direct labor time variance measures the difference between planned labor usage (the quantitative measure of labor in terms of time or some other measure) and what was actually used.Direct Labor Time Variance | |||
↘ | ||||
Factory Overhead Cost Variance | ↗ | Variable overhead controllable variance: This variance measures the difference between actual variable overhead costs and the standard variable overhead costs for actual units produced. This can be split into a variable overhead spending variance and a variable overhead efficiency variance similar to the direct labor cost variances.Variable Factory Overhead Controllable Variance | ||
↘ | The fixed overhead variance occurs because the actual output differs from budgeted output (a volume variance where fixed costs are spread over a different number of units than planned) or because fixed overhead spending did not match the budget. Spending variances are generally rare with fixed costs because the costs are usually known and are not subject to change in the short-term.Fixed Factory Overhead Volume Variance |
Manufacturing cost variances are determined using a standard costing system. Standard costs are predetermined
In a standard costing system, it is important to understand that costs are compared to budget based on a flexible budget rather than a fixed budget. Flexible budgets use standard
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Standards are set up as part of the budgeting process and are used when per unit costs can be estimated under efficient operating conditions. Remember that flexible budgets account for changes in volume.
If actual costs are greater than standard costs, the variance is unfavorable
Direct Materials Cost Variance
Calculating Direct Materials Cost Variance, you can see that the actual costs are higher
Direct Labor Cost Variance
Calculating Direct Labor Cost Variance, you can see that the actual costs are higher
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The illustrations provide the information to complete the problem.
The standard cost sheet for a product is shown.
Manufacturing Costs |
Standard price |
Standard Quantity |
Standard Cost per unit |
|
Direct materials | $4.60 per pound | 6.00 pounds | $ | 27.60 |
Direct labor | $11.87 per hour | 2.40 hours | $ | 28.49 |
Overhead | $2.40 per hour | 2.40 hours | $ | 5.76 |
$ | 61.85 |
The company produced 3,000 units that required:
• 18,500 pounds of material purchased at $4.45 per pound
• 7,100 hours of labor at an hourly rate of $12.27 per hour
• Actual overhead in the period was $17,750
Fill in the Budget Performance Report for the period. Some amounts are provided. Round your answers to the nearest dollar. However, do not round your intermediate calculations.
Budget Performance Report | |||
---|---|---|---|
Manufacturing Costs: 3,000 units |
This is the actual cost to produce 3,000 units.Actual Costs |
This is the actual production volume (3,000) at the standard unit cost.Standard Costs |
Actual costs - Standard costsVariance (Favorable)/ Unfavorable |
Direct materials | $82,325 | $ | $ |
Direct labor | 85,464 | ||
Overhead | 17,750 | ||
$ | $ | $1,648 |
Split the direct materials cost variance into the materials
price varaince and the Direct materials quantity variance. Remember
that you want to isolate the price variance from the quantity
variance so be sure to use factors that do not overlap. Also
remember that the two variances should equal the Proof:
Direct materials price variance
+ Direct materials quantity variance
= Direct material cost variance total direct material cost
variance.
Direct materials price variance: | Direct materials quantity variance: |
(Actual price - Standard price) x actual
|
(Actual quantity - Standard quantity) x standard
|
$2,775 favorable
|
$2,300 unfavorable
|
Split the direct labor cost variance into the direct labor rate
variance and the direct labor time variance. Remember that you want
to isolate the price variance from the efficiency variance so be
sure to use factors that do not overlap. Also remember that the two
variances should equal the Proof:
Direct Labor Rate Variance
+ Direct Labor Time Variance
= Total Direct Labor Cost Variance total direct labor cost
variance.
Direct labor rate variance: | Direct labor time variance: |
(Actual rate - Standard rate) x actual
|
(Actual hours - Standard hours) x standard
|
$2,840 unfavorable
|
$1,187 favorable
|
Manufacturing variances are period costs that are rolled into cost of sales
Direct materials price variance: Direct materials quantity variance:(Actual price - Standard price) x actual quantity = (4.45-4.60)*18500 = -2775 = 2775 Favorable
Direct materials quantity variance = (Actual quantity - Standard quantity) x standard price = (18500-(3000*6))*4.60 = 2300 = 2300 Unfavorable
Direct labor rate variance: (Actual rate - Standard rate) x actual hours = (12.27-11.87)*7100=2840 Unfavorable
Direct labor time variance: (Actual hours - Standard hours) x standard rate = (7100-(3000*2.40))*11.87 = - 1187 = 1187 Favorable
Mastery Problem: Manufacturing Cost Variance (Actual Costs Compared to Standard Costs) Manufacturing cost variances may come...
Mastery Problem: Manufacturing Cost Variance (Actual Costs Compared to Standard Costs) Manufacturing cost variances may come from material costs that are higher or lower than expected, material usage that is not what was expected, higher or lower labor costs than expected, or more or less time spent to produce an item than expected. Overhead cost and volume variances are another cause for costs to be higher or lower than what was expected. The total manufacturing variance can be broken down...
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