Question

Assignments, Chapter 2, Drugs and the Body Learning Objective(s) Written Assignments 1. Drugs affect the cell function in a variety of ways. Briefly describe and provide an example of an agonist, a competitive antagonist, and a noncompetitive antagonist. 2. The process of dynamic equilibrium determines drug concentration in the body. Describe how the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion impact drug concentrations. Learning Objective Group Assignment 1. As a group, list factors that can influence the effectiveness of drugs in the body. Determine which clients are most at risk based on the identified factors.

Answer 1

1. Drugs affect the cell function in different ways by the Agonism action & Antagonistic effects Agonist: It is a drug (or) substance that binds to the receptor and acts similar to that of the Indogenous Substance and mimic the actions Eg Levodopa is a prodreg which is sionilar to the dopamine neuro- transmitter used to treat parkinson's disease. Levodopa Gets converted to dopamine and has agonistic action. competitive Antagonist It is a drug (87) substance which binds to the Receptor and stops the actions of the Endogenous substance at ta: Atropine is the Competitive Antagonist of Acetylcholine receptors and stops the actions

of Acetylcholine duditio Non-competitive Antagonista ng Binds to an Allosteric She site of the receptor to prevent activation of Receptor. It is Irreversible Antagonist Eg Phenoxybenzamine blocks the a actions of alpha-receptors in the non-competitive Antagonism manner. 2. Pharmacokinetics always change .. from one drug to Another drug. Based on their solubility Lipophilicity Pka, etc. and also route of Administration at the Absorption : Drug dissolution is affected by the GIT . Hence absorption gets decreased for some drugs. Decrease in the GIT movement & Slow Gastric Emptying rate decreases the drug absorption.

Distribution: Drug concentration derwear when decreases when protein binding is more protein & Increase of fat decreases the drug concentration a nd when the same dose of drug is used in elderly and young people it is high level of free state and greater functionality Metabolism Drug concentration changes in Liver function Indexes. Concentration gets affected by Parenchymal cells in the liver and a reduction of blood flow to the Liver affects the metabolism and 4 Elimination o Drug concentration can be more Eliminated by aging Induced change in reduce kidney functionality.

MMMM l factors Influence the effectiveney of drugs in the body. Age factors Eg: children have Les body surface area compared to elders. They have les dose > Body weight : 7 Obere people have high fat that affects the distribution → GIT PH - drug Effectiveney reduced in Inflammatory bowel disease patients & Acidity people > Disease states :- crohn's disease , colitis, Amoebiasis Patients protein binding: Hypoprotinurea patients 7 Drug Tolerance Genetics :

MMMM l factors Influence the effectiveney of drugs in the body. Age factors Eg: children have Les body surface area compared to elders. They have les dose > Body weight : 7 Obere people have high fat that affects the distribution → GIT PH - drug Effectiveney reduced in Inflammatory bowel disease patients & Acidity people > Disease states :- crohn's disease , colitis, Amoebiasis Patients protein binding: Hypoprotinurea patients 7 Drug Tolerance Genetics :