Question

GU:

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI):

1. Discuss causes of prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal AKI.

2.Explain the pathophysiology of each.

3.Include two nursing interventions for each type.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):

4.What dietary teaching would you provide to a patient with CKD?

5.What are the manifestations of uremia in patients with CKD?

Answer 1

ANSWERS:

* ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY :

1. CAUSES OF PRERENAL AKI : The causes of prerenal acute kidney injury are pulmonary embolism, shock, sepsis, heart failure, anaphylaxis.

CAUSES OF INTRARENAL AKI : The cause of Intrarenal acute kidney injury are Acute glomerular nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis, renal artery or vein thrombosis, etc

CAUSES OF POSTRENAL AKI : The causes of postrenal acute kidney injury are Cervical cancer, urethral stricture, kidney stones, prostatic hyperplasia, etc

2. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PRERENAL AKI :

Due to the causes fluid loss leads to glomerular hypoprofusion but the filtration rate is preserved in mild perofusionby many mechanisms, it leads to glomerular filtration rate falls due to hypo perfusion leading to prerenal acute kidney injury.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTRARENAL AKI :

Intrarenal acute kidney injury occurs due to disruption in the structure of kidneys.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF POSTRENAL AKI :

Postrenal acute kidney injury occurs when obstruction in the renal pelvis, bladder, urethra after the surgery, but the kidneys work themselves normally.

3. NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR PRERENAL AKI :

* Monitor for heart rate

* Assess for presence of signs of edema

* Maintain intake and output chart

NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR INTRARENAL AKI:

* Assess the conscious level

* Monitor diagnostic findings like serum sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen levels, etc

* Restrict fluid volume

NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR POSTRENAL AKI :

* Use safety measures like side rails

* Administer calcium channel blockers, diuretics, prostaglandins, etc

* Prepare for dialysis if indicated.