Question

8:21 < 0 No Subject Biefly describe the physical, psychosocial, cognitive and motor development of a child in relation to the development stages mentioned in the table. (in 30-40 words each) Toddler (1-3 years) Physiologic development Psychosocial development Cognitive development Motor development

Answer 1

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLER(1-3 YEARS)

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
   • 1 YEAR

• Moves into sitting position without support
• Pulls up to stand and walks alone while holding onto furniture
• Takes few steps without support of adult or furniture
• Stands alone
  • 2 YEAR

• Walks alone
• Runs
• Pulls toys while walking
• Helps undress self
• Drinks from a cup
• Eats with a spoon
  • 3 YEAR

• Begins to run
• Climbs onto and down from furniture without support
• Walks up and down starts while holding on for support
• Throws ball overhand
• Draws or copies straight lines and circles
• Stands on tiptoes
• Kicks a ball

2. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
  • During this stage, a child starts to develop in dependence by walking away from their mothers, deciding themselves about which toy to play with, and eating on their own. If the child is encouraged and supported of their independence, then he/she gains confidence and self-esteem. If the child is not encouraged and is controlled from their independence, then he/she may be dependent on others, have low self-esteem, and may not have any confidence at all.

3. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

From 1 Year to 2 Years

• Understand and respond to words
• Identify objects that are similar
• Tell the difference between "Me" and "You"
• Imitate the actions and language of adults
• Can point out familiar objects and people in a picture book
• Learn through exploration

From 2 to 3 Years

• Sort objects by category (i.e., animals, flowers, trees, etc.)
• Stack rings on a peg from largest to smallest
• Imitate more complex adult actions (playing house, pretending to do laundry, etc.)
• Identify their own reflection in the mirror by name
• Respond to simple directions from parents and caregivers
• Name objects in a picture book
• Match objects with their uses

4. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

• GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

12–15 Months

• Pick up tiny objects using only thumb and forefinger (pincer grasp)
• Point and probe with forefinger
• Hold something out for you to take (they won't always let go)
• Walk with one or both hands held, or walk alone without support
• Rock to rhythm while standing alone
• Stoop to pick up things on the floor

15–18 Months

• Try new ways to fit things together
• Take covers off containers
• Throw a ball while sitting or standing
• Explore their world by climbing to things out of reach
• May start potty training (don’t rush—go at the child’s own pace)

18–21 Months

• Walk up stairs, holding an adult's hand (or a railing)
• Climb and stand on a chair
• Roll a ball
• Feed themselves
• May help to dress themselves
• Begin to recognize, name and pick out common objects

21–24 Months

• Walk with more direction to their movements and remember familiar places as well as things that happened at those places
• Kick a ball forward without losing balance
• Walk up and down stairs alone (while holding on to a railing)
• Jump and stand on tiptoes
• Enjoy music and begin to develop a sense of rhythm

2–3 Years

• String large beads
• Hold scissors correctly (use blunt-edged scissors)
• Scribble and mark with crayons
• Walk between two straight lines
• Jump or walk backward
• Copy vertical and horizontal lines
• Cooperate in dressing
• Close snaps and unbutton large buttons
• Pedal a tricycle
• Run without falling
• Jump about 8 inches from a standing position (broad jump)
• Open and close scissors (use only blunt-edged type and, please, supervise!)
• Drink from a small cup or glass without help (they may still spill a lot)
• Drink from a cup using a straw
• Use the toilet without help
• Begin to cut with blunt-edged scissors