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ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATE: System Disorder STUDENT NAME DISORDER/DISEASE PROCESS Weight Management for Cardiovascular the allt
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#. Obesity is a condition that is associated with having an excess of body fat, defined by genetic and environmental factors that may impair health.

#. Pathophysiology :

complex interactions of genetics, environment and metabolism

- genetic problems include:

monogenic causes of obesity- such as mutations in the gene that codes for leptin (eats constantly)

Prader-willi syndrome - a defect in chromosome 15, which causes constant hunger and uncontrollable eating, among other clinical manifestations

FTO gene variants (fat mass and obesity-associated gene) SNPs- one of the variants increases obesity risk by 20-30%

#. Patho environmental factors

- abundance of foods filled with sugar, fat, and salt - trend of increased calories and trend of high fructose corn syrup

-increased portion size

- proliferation of fast food

#. Patho - adipocytes and adipose tissue

Adipocytes store fats, in the from of triglycerides. they also release triglycerides to be used for energy/fuel when needed

- under conditions of energy excess (energy intake >energy need), adipocytes can either: proliferate (hyperplasia) and hypertrophy (maladaptive response to energy excess

#. Risk factors :-

- Genetics

Genetics lay the foundation for obesity

If two parents are obese the child has an 80% chance, one parent 50% chance and zero overweight parents there is still an 10% chance.

- Sleep

Lack of sleep is linked to increased weight.

Lack of sleep leads to fatigue which means no physical activity and thus an increase in weight.

Sleep also helps manage hunger regulating hormones.

- Hormones

Defective hormone production in thyroid, pituitary or hypothalamus can change the way body burns and stores energy.

- Technology

Reduces physical activity

- Alcohol

Non-nutritive calories

- Bordem

Leads to overeating and greater energy consumption than energy expenditure

- Diet

A diest high in processed foods and low in whole foods (fibre) can lead to obesity.

#. Expected findings :
BMI range for obesity (class 1)
30-24.9 kg/m2
BMI range for obesity (class 2)
35-39.9 kg/m2
#. Health promotion and disease prevention :-
Prevention in early life - infancy
-Prevent overweight and weight gain in pregnant women
-Management of diabetes
-No smoking during pregnancy
-Promote breast feeding
Prevention in school children
-Strategies that involve parents and involve practice in early childhood that establish positive lifestyle behvaiours - less sedentary bahaviour e.g tv, video games.
Prevention during adolescence
-Influenced by social pressures, media and marketing.
-Reduce fast foods
Prevention during adulthood
-Decrease energy dense foods, high fat foods, sweets
-Increase PA

#. Obesity has complications on many systems: list them.

Metabolic: eg, diabetes

Anatomic: eg, sleep apnea

Degenerative: eg, osteoarthritis

Neoplastic: eg, breast cancer

Psychological: eg, depression

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