Question

Briefly describe the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nicotine. What factors affect these processes? What organs or systems are involved?

Describe the health benefits associated with caffeine. Provide examples of both preventative and treatment application

Answer 1

Ans.

The process of absorption of nicotine--

Just 10 seconds after a cigarette smoker inhales, nicotine is absorbed through the skin and the mucosal linings in the nose, mouth and lungs, and travels through the bloodstream to the brain. It stimulates adrenal glands to produce epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter you also know as adrenaline.

Process of distribution of nicotine--

The nicotine-degrading enzyme NicA2 reduces nicotine levels in blood, nicotine distribution to brain, and nicotine discrimination and reinforcement in rats.

Metabolism of nicotine--

Once absorbed by the body, enzymes in the liver break down most of the nicotine -- about 80 percent; here it becomes the metabolite cotinine. Nicotine is also metabolized into cotinine and nicotine oxide by the lungs.

The process of excretion of nicotine--

Cotinine and other metabolites are excreted in urine, and they're also found in saliva and hair.

factor affect--

Smoking Linked To Brain Damage. Summary: New research suggests a direct link between smoking and brain damage. Scientists have found that a compound in tobacco provokes white blood cells in the central nervous system to attack healthy cells, leading to severe neurological damage.

Nicotine is a dangerous and highly addictive chemical. It can cause an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, flow of blood to the heart and a narrowing of the arteries (vessels that carry blood). Nicotine may also contribute to the hardening of the arterial walls, which in turn, may lead to a heart attack.

Organ and system involved --

• Respiratory system and organs auch as lungs,oral cavity

• Circulatory system and organs such as heart , blood vessels

• Neurological system and organs such as brain

And some side effects are seen in skin gestroitestinal system etc.

Health benefits associated with caffeine--

Possible Caffeine Health Benefits-

1. Caffeinated coffee cuts mouth and throat cancer risk by 50%.
2. Coffee can reduce the risk of stroke as much as 22%.
3. Shown to reduce the risk of several types of cancer.
4. Heart rhythm disturbance hospitalizations decrease with coffee drinkers.
5. Coffee decreases the risk of type 2 diabetes.
6. People who drink at least 4 coffees or teas have lower blood pressure according to a new study out of Paris. Tea drinkers had the most blood pressure benefit, while coffee drinkers had just slightly less.
7. Research out of Greece shows that Greek boiled coffee may increase longevity and heart health.
8. Those who drink coffee after a heart attack are less likely to die from the incident. Research shows that heart attack victims who consume more than 2 cups of coffee daily have the least risk of mortality from the heart attack.

preventative and treatment application of caffeine and nicotine--

Tobacco use is the greatest potentially remedial problem throughout the world, and it is the number one preventable cause of death in the developed world. Clinicians have a particularly important role as patient advocates in health promotion, discouraging smoking initiation, encouraging and assisting smoking patients to quit, and participating in social efforts designed to curb smoking at various levels.

The gains in understanding the neuropathology of nicotine addiction have already opened new frontiers, including effective nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and oral therapy. Greater therapeutic advances are anticipated in the years to come.