Question

5. Identify the sources of water and the avenues of water loss in the body as well as the approximate amount of gain and loss for each source and loss. 6. Explain the physiology as to how vasopressin is stimulated to be increased or decreased 7. Differentiate between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. 8. Describe intracellular and extracellular water concentrations and identify which body compartment is included in intracellular compartment and extracellular compartment 9. Explain each of the following as it relates to fluid balance; antidiuretic hormone. aldosterone, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system, and ANP. 10. List the eight (8) major electrolytes, the normal range and function of the electrolytes you have listed 11. Differentiate between the actions of osmosis, diffusion, filtration and active transport as they relate to fluid balance 12. Explain how hydrostatic pressure maintains fluid balance in the body. 13. Explain what is meant by isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions and how, when each is administered, each controls fluid balance. 14. List the patient populations that are at risk for deficient fluid volume; populations that are at risk for over hydration?

Answer 1

(5) The three main sources of water:

groundwater, surface water and rainwater.

The major routes of water loss are

• urine,
• feces,
• sweat
• Insensible water loss by evaporation from the respiratory tract
• diffusion through the skin.

(6)vasopressin

When plasma osmolarity is increased vasopressin is stimulated and increase the water reabsorption in distal tubules leading to concentrated urine and maintain the plasma osmolarity.

When plasma osmolarity is decreased then ADH is inhibited so no reabsorption of water in distal tubules occurs and maintain the plasma osmolarity to normal level.

(7)

Electrolytes	Non electrolytes
Salts or molecules that ionize completely in solution	do not dissociate into ions in solution
Conduct electricity	do not conduct electricity
ionic bonds	covalent bonds
Acids, base, salt	carbohydrates containing compounds, fat
Types-strong and weak	types-water soluble and water insoluble

(8) Intracellular fluid (Icf extra-cellular Total fluid body waley L T ech (ACA) GO 40/ 2 ICF Au tuido enclosed in cells by CM. ( akt PO3- I ECF IT - Na, ci, co Surrounds all cells in body fluid in Blood fluid * Blood Mom Prate in (Plasma) Clutershal fluid) Other csf, lymph, synovial fluida Peritoneal fluid, intestinal secretions as (9) Fluid Balance - ADHD Aldosterone) Renin Angiotensin) (ANP) 1- water Reabsorption Renal Blood flow when t from dietas tubules I Nat extes reaching stimulated to tubules Plasma esmolarity Reuin- stimulated deiseases shimulate Angiotensin) Aldosteron Voco-constriction مراسم ام (TRP) Nat, tho-Reabsorption

Table 19-2 MAJOR ELECTROLYTES Plasma Level mEq/L ICF Level Functions Electrolyte Sodium (Na) mEq/L 10 136-142 • Creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF; the most abundant cation in ECF • Essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells • Creates much of the osmotic pressure in ICF; the most abundant cation in ICF • Essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells Potassium (K) 3.8-5.0 Calcium (Ca+2) 4.6-5.5 • Most (98%) is found in bones and teeth • Maintains normal excitability of neurons and muscle cells • Essential for blood clotting Magnesium (Mg) 1.3-2.1 • Most (50%) is found in bone • More abundant in ICF than in ECF • Essential for ATP production and activity of neurons and muscle cells Chloride (CI) 95-103 Bicarbonate (HCO,. Phosphate (HPO, 3 28 1.7-2.6 • Most abundant anion in ECF; diffuses easily into and out of cells; helps regulate osmotic pressure • Part of HCl in gastric juice • Part of the bicarbonate buffer system • Most (85%) is found in bones and teeth • Primarily an ICF anion • Part of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids • Part of phosphate buffer system 75 Sulfate (S0,-) • Part of some amino acids and proteins *The concentration of an ion is often expressed in milliequivalents per liter, abbreviated mEq/L, which is the number of electrical charges in each liter of solution.

(11)

(1) Osmosis diffusion шеш Солч of water acress болма semi-permeable Самс“ Diffusion molecules from high diffusion ү of to low ) couch from high Filtration : Transfer of molecules through. ерла" ім" имали кола Active sausport: The transport of moleculo to with the Wlp of a protein bansporter with the use of ATP.