Question

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Question: What is the function of beta cells in the pancreas?

Answer:

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin and amylin. Beta cells make up 50–70% of the cells in human islets. In patients with type I or type II diabetes, beta-cell mass and function are diminished, leading to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia.

The pancreas is composed of exocrine and endocrine compartments. The endocrine compartment consists of the islets of Langerhans, which contain clusters of four cell types: glucagon-producing alpha cells, somatostatin-producing delta cells, pancreatic polypeptide-producing PP cells, and insulin-producing beta cells.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when a person's own immune system kills off most of their insulin-producing beta cells. And seeing as insulin is the hormone that regulates our blood sugar, type 1 diabetics are left reliant on injecting themselves with insulin regularly.

Researchers have found a brand new type of insulin-producing cell hiding in plain sight within the pancreas, and they offer new hope for better understanding - and one day even treating - type 1 diabetes.


Question: How brand-new beta cells will work to replace the destroyed beta cells?

Answer:

While the condition can usually be managed effectively, in order to properly treat it, researchers would need to find a way to regenerate a patient's beta cells and prevent them from being attacked in future - something we're getting better at, but ultimately has eluded scientists so far.


The discovery of these previously unnoticed cells in the pancreas - which the team are calling 'virgin beta cells' - could offer a new route for regrowing healthy, mature beta cells - and also provides insight into the basic mechanisms behind the disease.

"We've seen phenomenal advances in the management of diabetes, but we cannot cure it," said lead researcher Mark Huising from the University of California, Davis.
"If you want to cure the disease, you have to understand how it works in the normal situation."
To get a better insight into exactly what happens in type 1 diabetes, the researchers studied both mice and human tissue.

were looking at regions inside the pancreas known as the islets of Langerhans, which in healthy humans and mice are the regions that contain the beta cells that detect blood sugar levels around the body and produce insulin in response.

Researchers also know that the islets contain cells called alpha cells, which produce glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar. These alpha cells, combined with the blood sugar-lowering beta cells, are how the body regulates blood sugar levels. But in patients with type 1 diabetes, two things go wrong: the beta cells are killed off by the body's own immune system, and then they fail to regenerate. In order to treat the disease, we need to find a way to overcome both of those problems.
For decades, scientists have been trying to do this, and they had long assumed that there was one main way for beta cells to be produced - through other adult beta cells dividing. But after using new microscope techniques to study islet tissue in the lab, Huising and his team found a new type of cell scattered around the edges of the islets that no one had noticed before - and they looked a lot like immature beta cells, suggesting that maybe there was actually another way beta cells were being made. Further study revealed that these new virgin beta cells could make insulin, but they didn't have the receptors to detect glucose, so couldn't function as mature beta cells. But that wasn't all the researchers found. They also observed some mature beta cells in the islets transitioning into alpha cells - representing a completely unexpected alpha cell generation pathway. "There's much more plasticity in the system than was thought," (Huising as cited in Macdonald, 2017). It's still very early days, and these new cells now need to be confirmed in live humans and animals - not just tissue in the lab. But the fact that we now have evidence that they exist opens up a whole avenue of research on type 1 diabetes and potential treatments.



Question: How the research will impact the lives of those living with diabetes?

Answer:

These researches have provides a potential new source of beta cells that could be used to treat diabetics. "Finally, understanding how these cells mature into functioning beta cells could help in developing stem cell therapies for diabetes," (Davis as cited in Macdonald, 2017)

The research could also have benefits for type 2 diabetes, which occurs when beta cells become inactive and stop releasing or secreting insulin.

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Required: I need to paraphrase the answer because it is plagiarized.

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Answer 1

Function of beta cells in pancreas:

Beta cells are unique cells found in pancreas of islets of langerhans. Beta cells produce the hormones : Insulin, Amylin, C- peptide

Insulin : This hormone is responsible for control the increased blood glucose level. When the blood glucose level rises the beta cells sensitize and release the insulin which converts the blood glucose in to storage form of glycogen and fat.

Amylin: It slows the rate of glucose entering into the blood stream.

C- peptide: It repairs the muscular layer of the arteries.

Brand New Beta cells replace the destroyed the beta cells by the following way

The researchers have found the site of immure beta cells at the periphery of the pancreas is called as neogenenic niche in healthy Mice and human. This immature beta cells or virgin beta cells can produce insulin but does not have receptors to sensitize increased blood glucose level. so, the researchers have make plasticity at the neogenic niche with stem cell- derived progenitors to generate functionally mature beta cells and to block the adverse consequences of the beta cell identity crisis in diabetes.

Life of Diabetes patient- Impact of research

Research improves the quality of life of patients with diabetes.

Researchers have found dietary management, medications which helps them to control the blood glucose level within limit easily.

Researcher have many inventions which helps the health care professionals to prevent complications,

The above identified the brand new beta cells also aids in curing the disease.