Question

Create a PowerPoint answering the following questions:

Who is at risk for developing kidney stones?

Identify the different kinds of kidney stones?

Discuss diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones?

Why does the location of the stone matter?

Discuss the nursing implications for working with individuals with kidney stones.

• Title Slide (1 slide)
• Who is at risk (2-3 slides)
• Kinds of kidney stones (2-3 slides)
• Diagnosis & treatment (4-6 slides)
• Location (2-3 slides)
• Nursing implications (3-4 slides)

Answer 1

KIDNEY STONE

KIDNEY STONE-kidney stone is also known as urolithiasis.kidney stone is the disease where a solid piece of material a( urinastone) occurs in urinary tract

RISK FACTORS-

Anything that either causes stasis or supersaturation of urine

• immobility and sedentary lifestyle which increases stasis of urine
• dehydration which leads supersaturation
• metabolic disturbances which increases calcium and other ions in in urinary system
• history of kidney stone
• high mineral content in drinking water
• diet -high in purines ,oxalate,calcium supplements ,animal proteins
• urinary tract infection p
• indwelling catheter n
• bladder

TYPES OF KIDNEY STONE-stones may be one crystal type or a combination of types.

• Calcium oxalate
• calcium phosphate
• Struvite
• Uric acid
• crystalline
• DIAGNOSISANDTREATMENT -diagnostic test includes

1. USG of abdomen and renal to visualise the location of calculi
2. Pylogram the diagnostic test for identifying the location and size of the calculi in kidney
3. CT scan
4. blood test -serum calcium ,serum potassium,sodium phosphate bicarbonate ,uric acid, blood urea nitrate, serum creatinine,
5. urine test for pH of urine, routine examination of urine for the detection of of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate.

medical management

stones cannot be treated with the medical management if it is small in size then can be flushes out with the urine and if it is large in size then can be corrected by surgical procedures.

1. nephrolithotomy- surgical removal of stone from kidney.it is having mostly two types percutaneous nephrolithotomy and extracorporeal shockwave nephrolithotomy
2. Uteroscope
3. Nephroscope to retrieve the free line renal stone
4. Cystoscope and cystolitholapaxy to remove the stone from the urinary bladder

LOCATION

• Calyx stone- it found at the calyxces of kidney
• renal pelvic- kidneys stones found at the pelvis of the kidney
• Ureteric stone kidney stones -found at upper ureteric part of kidney

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

nursing implication starts from the history. History of

• renal calculi
• urinary tract infection
• immobility
• Dietary historys

Assessment

• amount pattern and type of drinks
• clinical manifestation of renal calculi
• Severity of pain
• vital signs
• urine output
• Frequency and dysuria
• Signs of urinary tract infections

Intervention

• Assess the vital sign
• maintain intake output chart
• assess the drinking pattern
• assess the severity of pain and teach them relaxation technique, provide comfortable position and use diversional therapy
• Promote the patient to increase the intake of fluid
• Advise the patient to avoid excessive use of sodium, potassium, calcium supplements, protein supplements
• Monitor the catheter of the patient frequently to avoid urinary tract infection
• Use sterile technique for catheterization
• Administer the analgesic as prescribed by doctor