Question

1. Given equal concentrations gradients of Na+ and O2 across a typical cell membrane, which substance will diffuse faster and why?

2. if the recording and reference electrodes were both placed on the outside surface of a typical nerve cell membrane, what would be the potentiometer read?

3. the bod between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms between two water molecules is called what bonds?

Answer 1

Cell membrane are composed of double lipid bilayer and proteins . Cell membrane also have some ion channel proteins and carrier proteins for ion transportation and some small molecule can pass through the cell membrane by somple diffusion process from any part of the cell membrane .

O Grivem equal concentrations gradients of Nat amd a typical cell membrane , 0, di ffure faster than Nat Ocross because of - O Diffusion Th this Porocess a subs tomce tends to move from area of high concen fration to am low concentna- Oxygen. diffuse. across cell membrane by stsuncture of the lipid am Hon orea simple diffivsion bilayer Porocess. The Uncharged subs tamces car bon dioxide Co2), and hiydrophobie molecu- Cipids, trongh the cell membrane. Small , allows as Oxygen , les such as the red blod when we breathe in худen tow concentnation of- cells in OWr lungs have a and high concen fration of co2 inside the ох удn body-. Oxygen molecule is very small and has no Chorge or Polarity. 02 is wsed uprapidly by mito - Chondria. -02 molecule Lipid bilayer cell membrame Simple diffursiom Porocess S hmple diffusi on

® facilitated diffusion Carbon dioxide, 02 cell membrane directly, but Some molecule, such as Can diffuse deross the other. molecules need help to Cross its hydrophobic Tn facilitated di ftusion , molecules di ffuse Plasma membrane by channels ancd Carriers. comnel Peroteins sam the membrame and hydrophilic tunnels acnoss it, channels Core . across the make rery molecule for tromsport, selective and will accept only one fypeof allows Polar am d charged compaunds ta avoid of the the hy drophobie core Plasma membrame, which would othermise their enty in to the slow block cell. exaryple - Nat Nat Cipid teilnya cell membrame RRIT channel Protein Nat facilitated di fusion 0, di ffuse faster tham Nat becouse 02 the Porocess by but Nat depen ded cell membrane diffure acnos on the of stmple di ffusion cell menb- the chamnel Poroteins, Nat di ffuse into Pmocess of focilitated diffu>ion, the by rome nunbers cell membrome, restricfed into the channel Proteins are

Reference electrsde Recording electrode extra cellulari fluid Cytosal When the cells iz at sast, an d ion chamnels are close d, ions distrikutid acgoss the memborame are m a very Pguèdictable. way. The Concentoration of Nat. outside the lo times greater tham inside ceu is concentration Also the kt concentration inside the outside. The eytosol contains cell is greater tham in the fom of high concentra tion of anions , tons amd negatively charged Phos phati Pusteins. localized m the large negatine chonge is mins The + 70my Outside of the deil membrane. shows Shows inside of the cell membrame - 70mv because The resting Potential is the valtage. .of -70, so folential . membrome state of the membrane. at a the sodium cation entering the cell will CaMse less neagative. it to be come :. Tf the rcording amd refenence electrades were lotn Placed on the ontside. sunface oL a typlcal neve cell membrame, +70mv s would be tue Potem Fome ter reading

The bond between the Ox on a mydrogen atoms between two water molecule is known as hydrogen bonding A hydorogen band is is a feble unk, its als o potur covalent bmds. TH holds the known hydrogen and oxygen atoms of each. mdividual molecule The Polarity of the water uni que. Poroperties, togetner molecule. gives the water Hydrogen bonds watez molecules St. hydrogen bonds between waterr molecule.