Question

Phylogeny elom Basal taxa Sister taxa Heterochrony Polytomy Parsimony Orthologous Paralogous Monophyletic Ingroup Paraphyletic Outgroup Polyphyletic Brown Bear Sun Bear Spectacled Bear Giant Panda Red Panda Raccoon Dog 1. Which animal represents the Basal Taxa? Fur Tail 2. What is the best outgroup to use if you are studying the circled group (Giant Panda, Red Panda, Raccoon, and Dogs)? avab lo 3. Who is/are the "sister taxa" for dogs? Ear Structure Snout Structure 4. Which taxon is older - Sun Bears, Spectacled Bears, or Dogs? Cranium Structure basalub HS 5. Shared derived characters are most likely to be found in taxa that are Vertebrae 6. If you want to study pandas - giant pandas, red pandas, and "trash pandas" (raccoons) - and you exclude dogs, what is the term used to describe this grouping?

Answer 1

1. Basal taxon is represented where the species does not form any divergence or branches. Here the Brown bear, Sun bear and the Spectacled bear are the basal taxon.
2. The best outgrup would be the reccoon and dog as the definition says that the group that is not related to the main clade and the characteristic of the outgroup animals are not closely related to the animals of the main clade.
3. Raccon are the sister taxa for dogs as the Raccon are the closest relatives of the dogs.
4. The Sun bear is the oldest in between the 3 and as close it will be from the start point or the root those are all ancestor to the other ones that means these are more older.
5. As shared derived character are most commonly found in monophyletic clade means having only common ancestors. will be found in Giant panda and Red panda , Raccoon and Dog.
6. That will be called polyphyletic grouping means as the organisms which are grouped together do not have immediate common ancestor.