Question

Please answer all 4 questions. Thank you in advance!

1. a. What is the natural progression of atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance, or ACUS, and how long does it take? b. Is it likely that this patient was getting regular pap smears? c. When a woman gets a pap smear why do they also test for human papilloma virus serotypes 16 and 18? d. What are the options available to women (or men) to prevent infection with HPV? 2. Describe the process of spermatogenesis. 3. Describe testosterone regulation. 4. The male and female reproductive system start off the same but develop differently. Describe this process. What causes males to develop differently?

Answer 1

2)

Spermatogenesis is a process of developing male gametes, known as sperm within the male reproductive organs, the testes. In this process, each sperm (haploid,
containing a single copy of each chromosome. In order to create the haploid gamete, a cell undergoes the process of meiosis in which the genome is replicated and divided twice to produce four haploid gametes.

This process generally occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes following different stages. It is followed by maturation in the epididymis where they are secreted in the form of semen along with glandular secretions. This process begins during puberty and ends only when the individual dies. The complete process of spermatogenesis in males are carried out by the actions of Leydig cells, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland The quantity of these sperms gradually reduces with the age and finally leads to infertility.

Process of spermatogenesis

Stage 1: The Diploid spermatogonia is situated in the seminiferous tubules which include twice the total number of chromosomes. This replicates mitotically in interphase before the method of meiosis 1 to create 46 pairs of sister chromatids.

Stage 2: In this, the chromatids allow the exchange of genetic information through the synapsis process. It is done before dividing into haploid spermatocytes through meiosis.

Stage 3: In this division, the new two daughter cells will further divide into 4 spermatids, having unique chromosomes that are approximately half in number to the original spermatogonium.

Stage 4: In this stage, the cells move from the lumen of the testes to the epididymis. They get mature and developed into four sperm cells with the growth of microtubules on the centrioles to develop an axoneme. The remaining centrioles elongate and develop into sperm tail.

3) The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control how much testosterone the testes produce and secrete.

The hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland to release gonadotrophic substances (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone). Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates testosterone production. If too much testosterone is produced, the hypothalamus alerts the pituitary gland to make less LH, which tells the testes to decrease testosterone levels.