Question

1- list and describe the steps of mitosis starting with interphase and moving through the cycle?

2- write the general equation for photosynthesis including balance value for input and output?

3- list six organelles find in a cell and describe each of the general functions?

4- what are the basic assumption of scientific thoughts list a testable statement and non-testable statements

5- describe how climate are predicted to change in the next century؟

6-describe the general theory of mendel inheritance?

7-list and briefly describe the five mechanism by which evolution could happen?

Answer 1

1 Steps of mitosis arear follows - 1) Interphase 2) pnophaso n 3) Melophane 9) Anaphase Les 5) Telophacer l 1) Interphase, Interphase consists of all stages of cell cycle Dwing interphase Collorganelles are doubled in number DNA is replicated and protein symthess takes place Chromosomes are mot visible and in cppears og umcoiled chromatin. nucleolus It mucleus chromotin Mitosis interphase 2) Prophase : The chromatin which is diffused in interphase Slooly condenses into well defined chromosomes Each chromatid is duplicated during the preceding Sphaso and contains two sister chromahdo. The sister chrometida are held together the constricted region Centromene. Fach chromated contains one of the two daughter DNA molecules tokich are meco Al centromere sistor chromatrds are kept together by a protein called cohesin Prophose chromosome is condensed and mudewl envelope is mot dear

3 Metaphase Spindle fibres seeking at to spindle ead le fibres reapidly assemble an ng attachment Sites at chromosome dle each chromosome has a specially care called kinetochore which is los ble and disassemble Tomosome To attach: ecialized At the centromere. This process separa ich is located at the gemetre material calle into daughten cells voted to eparates duplicated emucleus of parent cell aughten cells. The chromosomes are aligned middle of the cell. The plane of alignment of alignment of chromosomo is the metaphase plale. Metaphose stage of mitosis. 4) Anaphase: At anaphase the kinetochore mioto bules pull the two kinetochones towards opposite poles. Sisler Chromatids do not separate because they are held at the centreomores by milltiprotein compler called cohesin Cohesins associate with chromatin at Sphase During anaphase separase degrades cohesins. 2010 Xanehane Anaphage At anaphase sister chromatids split apart and are deacon to opposite poles kimelochore mioro Cabuler om the sister chromatids towards opposite poles

5. Telophase Felophase, the separated daughtere chromosymes otive of the pole sood kinelochorte microtubules dissappeax The polar microlubul olongate more and a new muclear emoelope is formed of each daughter chromosomes The Condensed chromclin expand morte, muce oli seeappears Telophaso slege cieco -2 Equation of photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H₂O sunlight C6H12O6 +60₂ carbon cocter glucose onggen dionide 3 Six organelles found in a cell are: 1) Nucleus: - controls gene expression and is imuolved in DNA oieplication dwing cell cycle 2) Ribosomes makes protein used for repairing damage and directs chemical processes 3 Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell. It takes mutsuents. break them and creates emotay for the cell chloroplasts - converts light energy to sugar the process celled photo symi

91945 moval 5 golgibody: helps in sorting md processing proteins 6) lysosome: - imuolued in digestion and seen of waste products t o the SRT D elo bom La balun g en