Question

Write the letter of the correct answer on the first page. Control of entry into the cell cycle is essential. Unicellular eukaryotes that enter into it too soonyw have the necessary energy to complete it, leading to their demise, whereas in multicellular eukaryotes usually leads to cycle are controlled by proteins, problems with the genes that code for these proteins are a commorn source of error. These genes fall into two broad groups: 33 uncontrolled cellular division 32 Since the checkpoints at various points in the cell act to restrict the cell's entry into the these latter genes inappropriately instruct the cell to enter the cell cycle they are calledrse that attempt to repair these mutations. If this descendants begin the slow progression towards cancer. The mass of cells that first develops is called a cell cycle, whereas the usual purpose of is to induce the cell to enter the cell cycle. When 34 Since mutations in the genes that control cell cycle checkpoints can cause the cell to become cancerous, the first lines of defense against cancer are the various36 fails, the cell may initiate its own death via37 When these systems fail, a these systems fail, a cell and its 38 39 tumor since it is located in a single location. Over the course of multiple cellular divisions. on the ends of the chromosomes get shorter, limiting the number of times the cells can divide Metastasis of one of the cells in this tumor around and thus the size of the tumor. Only cancer cells that manage to turn on the gene that codes for 40 can regenerate these ends and continue to divide. essentially leads to the final stage of cancer, since the resulting 41 tumor can now spread the body, making it much harder to treat. A. DNA synthesis CC. enhancer DD. growth factors EE. Pap smear B. lagging strand synthesis C. immunotherapy D. frameshift mutation E. benign GG. oncogenes HH. tumor progression Il. initiation F. transcriptional control G. nonsense mutation H. missense mutation I. telomerase J. gene regulation K. stem cells L. cell differentiation promoter N. malignant O. metastasis P. cancer Q transcription R. DNA repair pathways S. ubiquitin T. combinatorial model for gene regulation U. proteasome V. tumor W. mutation X. translation Y. anchorage-independent growth KK. oncogenic virus LL. Ames test MM. immune surveillance theorv NN. gatekeepers O0. proto-oncogenes PP. caretakers QQ. apoptosis RR. tumor suppressor genes SS. telomeres TT. chemotherapy UU. radiation therapy VV. cell cycle WW. checkpoints Z. density-dependent inhibition of growth AA. angiogenesis BB. invasion

Answer 1

32. P) cancer.

33. RR) tumor suppressor genes.

34. OO) proto-oncogenes.

35. GG) oncogenes.

36. R) DNA repair pathways.

37. QQ) apoptosis.

38. E) benign.

39. SS) telomeres.

40. I) telomerase.

41. N) malignant.