Question

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53) The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that A) diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another. B) microorganisms cause disease. C) microorganisms are the result of disease. D) microorganisms are present in a diseased animal. 54) A chill is a sign thatin the fever response. A) the metabolic rate is decreasing B) body temperature is falling. C) body temperature is not changing. D) body temperature is rising. E) blood vessels are dilating. 55) A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? A) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response B) lysozyme C) ciliary escalator D) acidic skin secretions E) normal skin flora 56) Endotoxins are_ and are released from the cell due to A) part of the gram-negative cell wall; metabolism B) associated with gram-positive bacteria; death C) associated with gram-positive bacteria; metabolism D) part of the gram-negative cell wall; death 57) All of the following are true of the common cold EXCEPT A) it is transmitted via aerosols and contact. B) early treatment will kill the virus. C) it is caused by rhinoviruses and other virus. D) duration of symptoms is approximately one week. E) complications include otitis media. 58) Ingesting Lactobacillus cultures for health benefits is an example of microbial: A) commensalism B) parasitism C) probiotics D) mutualism E) antagonism 59) Bacterial meningitis are difficult to treat because: A) the bacteria move along peripheral nerves. B) no medications exist for treating meningitis. C) many antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier D) antibiotics damage nervous tissue. E) no phagocytic cells exist in the central nervous system.

Answer 1

53) Robert Koch's work contributed decisively to the development of a theory on infectious process.

1. Diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another. That was Pasteur's discovery.
2. Microorganisms cause disease. That was Pasteur's discovery.
3. Microorganisms are the result of disease. This isn't true.
4. Microorganisms are present in a diseased animal. Yes, he worked with tuberculosis and one of his postulates is that a organism must always be present, in every case of the disease.

54) Chill is commonly associated to a decrease in body temperature, but that's not the case when it's present during a fever. A chill is a sign that D) temperature is rising, when suffering fever. Fever is our body's response to an infection, which tries to elevate temperature in order to kill the microorganisms. Chill is, in this case, and extra efffort to generate heat in our muscles.

55) Correct answer is A. The first defense mechanism our body uses to eliminate contaminating microbes is the inflammatory response, which involves phagocytosis by leukocytes, vasodilation and vessels permeability.

The other possible answers are common responses to bacteria when it's present in the intact skin or already inside the body, not involving skin injuries.

56) Endotoxins are typical from Gram Negative bacteria, not Gram Positive ones. They are part of bacteria membranes and are released when bacteria dies. The correct answer is D.

57) The one that is not true is B) early tretment will kill the virus. We can prevent the infection, but can't kill the virus. Indeed, no medications have been demonstrated to shorten the duration of infection, they just relief the symptoms.

58) Lactobacillus is a common bacteria genera used for human consumption, due to its health benefits. That is, in general, the definition of probiotics. The correct answer is C. All the other possible answers refer also to symbiotic interactions, some of them are positives, some are negatives; the main difference is that they don't refer specifically to a symbiotic relation that improves human healt benefits.