Question

Answer all of the following questions:

1. Briefly explain the nature of electricity and its uses and dangers? (10 marks)

2. Briefly explain animal and plant cell structure and function and pathology (you can explain the chemical and molecular environment of the cell)?   (5 marks)

                            

3. Define the relation between the structure and function of organs through understanding pathology of disease and give example? (5 marks)

Note : Answers in Your own words and in word version ( Computerized)

Answer 1

Electricity is a natural force produced by the movement of electrons. one elctron move towards another elctron in chain form and then energgy get transfered. Electrons must flow through a complete circuit in order for the circuit to work. Electron is a very lightweight particle that has a negative electrical charge. when light strikes some substances, electrons may be dislodged from the substance. Another common way to remove electrons from a substance is through friction (rubbing), Through this electron is removed out from atom or from their orbit electron is disloded. Battery has a negative terminal (–) and a positive terminal (+). There are too many electrons at the negative end and too few electrons at the positive end. An electron is drawn from the negative terminal of the battery into the copper conductor wire.Electron then collides with a free electron in a copper atom, bumping the copper electron out of orbit and taking its place. The displaced copper electron moves to a neighboring copper atom, bumps another free electron out of orbit, and takes its place. As this “chain reaction” continues, each free electron bumps its neighbor out of orbit and takes its place. The electrons keep pushing each other along until a free electron reaches the end of the conductor wire and moves into the positive terminal of the battery. USES:-  lighting, heating, cooling, and refrigeration and for operating appliances, computers, electronics, machinery, and public transportation systems. DANGERS:- shock and burns,faults which could cause fire.

Q2.  plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells, both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements.The few differences that exist between plant and animals are very significant and reflect a difference in the functions of each cell.   function:

Both Plant Animal mitochondrionno cell wall cell wall Golgi apparatus large vacuole small or no vacuole rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum chloroplasts no chloroplasts nucleus flagella only in gametes flagella cytoplasnm ribosomes

Part	Function	Found in
Cell membrane	Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell	Plant and animal cells
Cytoplasm	Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions happen	Plant and animal cells
Nucleus	Carries genetic information and controls what happens inside the cell	Plant and animal cells
Mitochondria	Where most respiration reactions happen	Plant and animal cells
Vacuole	Contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm	Plant cells only
Cell wall	Made of a tough substance called cellulose, which supports the cell	Plant cells only

Q3.

The structures of the organs of the body, are connected with their functions. Any breakdown in structure, any deformation of an organ leads to a distortion of the function. Change of activity sooner or later leads to a change in structure and Functional disturbances in organs precede their morphological distortions.  organism is a whole and disfunction of one of its organs leads to disbalance of the whole. For example, against a background of rational thinking an obsessive idea may sometimes have a very substantial effect on the general condition of the individual. Liver is the largest organ of the body, it regulates the most of the function of the body like glycogenesis, metabolism, detoxification. eg: in jaundice disease increase bile production cannot be controlled by liver through conjugation and it lead to liver disorder. in IBD absorption process of food or nutrient decreases and it causes many dysfunction into body like anaemia, deecalcification, weakness, shock etc. so we can state that one organ is responsible for many body disorder.