Question

8) Seven-year-old Cory wakes his family several times a week as he screams aloud in the middle of the night. When his mother enters his room, he often pushes her away and thrashes about. In the morning, he rarely remembers anything happened. Cory likely suffers from A. nightmare disorder B. sleepwalking disorder C. nightmares D. sleep terrors 9) A strong emotional reaction, such as anger or joy, frequently precedes an episode of A. sleep terror B. sleep paralysis C. hypersomnia D. cataplexy 10) Self-starvation, resulting in minimal weight for one's age and height or a dangerously unhealthy weight is characteristic of A. bulimia nervosa B. binge eating C. OCD D. anorexia nervosa 11) Jeannie has been diagnosed with a binge-eating disorder. If she seeks the treatment of choice for this disorder, it is most likely she will undergo therapy. A. psychodynamic B. drug C. cognitive-behavioral D. interpersonal 12) Scientists believe brain abnormalities that control hunger and satiety are involved in bulimia and likely involve the neurotransmitter A. dopamine B. norepinephrine C. serotonin D. epinephrine 13) The DSM-5 identifies the major types of parasomnias associated with non-REM sleep as A. sleep terrors and sleepwalking B. insomnia and sleep terrors C. sleep apnea and narcolepsy D. rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and nightmare disorder

Answer 1

A nightmare is merely a distressing dream that can evoke feelings of extreme anxiety in an individual. An occasional nightmare is considered normal and need not be characterized as a pathological condition.

Option c) is incorrect.

A child with nightmare disorder is likely to experience nightmares in his/her sleep on a regular basis. The child often wakes up from sleep but does not scream. Children with nightmare disorders are able to recollect the details of the dream the next day.

Option a) is incorrect.

Since, Cory does not walk in his sleep, sleep walking disorder is not applicable.

Option b) is incorrect.

People with sleep terror or night terror disorder usually scream when they wake up. They may even behave aggressively towards a person who seeks to comfort them. Another notable characteristic of sleep terror disorder is that the person fails to recollect the reason for the terror the next day.

Option d) sleep terrors is correct.

Second question(Question 9)

As described above, sleep terror is associated with feelings of extreme terror. Anger or joy never are never associated with a sleep terror episode.

Option a) is incorrect.

Sleep paralysis refers to a condition in which a person feels paralyzed or unable to move and/or speak after waking up from sleep. This condition can evoke feelings of fear but not anger or joy.

Option b) is incorrect.

Hypersomnia is the tendency of a person to fall asleep at odd hours during the day. It has no relation with anger or joy.

Option c) is incorrect.

Cataplexy, however is an unexpected and temporary episode in which emotions of joy or anger lead to muscular weakness.

Hence, option d) cataplexy is correct.

Third question (question 10)

A person with binge eating disorder consumes large amounts of food very frequently during the day. There is no attempt made to starve in an attempt to reduce body weight.

Option b) is incorrect.

Bulimia nervosa is a condition that is characterized by binge-eating and purging cycles. There is no starvation involved.

Option a) is incorrect.

A person with obsessive compulsive disorder exhibits repetitive behavior and speech and might even experience recurring intrusive thoughts. OCD is not an eating disorder in which people starve themselves.

Option c) is incorrect.

Self-starving is the main characteristic of anorexia nervosa. A person with anorexia nervosa eats little and exercises a lot. Hence, such people are extremely underweight.

Option d) anorexia nervosa is correct.

Fourth question( Question 11)

In psychodynamic therapy, a person is shown how his/her unconscious fears, desires and memories impinge on present behavior. This kind of treatment is employed for people with post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and depression. It is not used for the treatment of binge eating disorders.

Option a) is incorrect.

Drugs may temporarily alleviate symptoms of binge eating disorder but they can only supplement other forms of therapy such as cognitive behavioral disorder.

Option b) is incorrect.

Interpersonal therapy is a form of therapy that relies on repairing interpersonal relationships as a method of curing depression. It is mainly used for curing depression.

Option d) is incorrect.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective method of treating binge-eating disorder. It has been found that CBT helps around half the people with binge-eating disorder gain full recovery.

Option c) cognitive-behavioral is correct.

Fifth question(Question 12)

The neurotransmitter dopamine is responsible for encouraging reward oriented behavior. Dopamine abnormalities can lead to schizophrenia, addiction, psychosis and Parkinson's disease but not bulimia.

Option a) is incorrect.

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is responsible for alertness and mood regulation. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is cause by low levels of this neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine does not control hunger.

Option b) is incorrect.

Epinephrine triggers flight or fight response and does not play an important role in the control of hunger and satiety.

Option d) is incorrect.

Serotonin controls feelings of well-being and satiety. It also regulates hunger levels. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used for treating bulimia.

Option c) serotonin is correct.

Sixth question(Question 13)

People with insomnia have difficulty falling asleep. Insomnia is not a parasomnia as it does not involve abnormal behavior during sleep.

Option b) is incorrect.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is distinct from non rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (non REM disorder) mentioned in the question.

Option d) is incorrect.

Sleep apnea is not a type of parasomnia. It is a breathing disorder and not a nervous disorder.

Option c) is incorrect.

The DSM V manual lists sleep terror disorder and sleepwalking as parasomnias associated with non REM sleep.

Option a) is correct.