Question

why the proton gradient is both a chemical gradient and an electrical radiant and state which radiant is the major contributor to the proton motive force driving the ATP synthesis RX? please explain it in a short sentance

Answer 1

Proton gradients in particular are important in many different types of cells as a form of energy storage. The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase.

In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force. This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylations.

An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electro chemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.

electrical gradient is the major contributor to the proton motive force driving the ATP. because

Ions also carry an electric charges that forms an electric potential across a membrane. If there is an unequal distribution of charges across the membrane, then the difference in electric potential generates a force that drives ion diffusion until the charges are balanced on both sides of the membrane.